Suchergebnisse

The question of under-representation of women in various fields of sport, including leadership is a historical phenomenon that has received attention in the contemporary world. Consequently, measures to address this imbalance are continuously being explored. This includes determining the root causes of the phenomenon and possible intervention measures. This study therefore, investigated the social, economic, political and cultural factors that influence women's participation in sports leadership in Kenya on the basis of the perceptions of key stakeholders in sports in the country (n=180). Findings revealed that there was interplay of social, economic, political and cultural factors in determining either the under-representation or enhancement of women's representation in sports leadership which need to be addressed by policy-makers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the main factors that compel Kenyan soccer players to retire from active participation and problems that they experienced after retirement. It was predicted that the above factors would not significantly vary in relation to their age categories, levels of education and playing experience. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 130 retired soccer players (ages ranged from 21 to more than 60 years). Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and frequencies) were used to analyse the data; and One-way ANOVA was used to test the null hypotheses of the study. The main findings of the study indicated that majority of the retired players had retired voluntarily due to lack of attractive incentives (x̄ =3.48±1.50), diminishing physical ability (x̄ =2.76±1.44), lack of encouragement from significant others (x̄ =2.76±1.44) and de-selection or declined soccer performance (x̄ =2.75±2.75). They experienced problems of loss of identity (x̄ =2.97±1.51), desperation for employment (x̄ =2.43±1.44), depression (x̄ =2.38±1.46), idleness (x̄ =2.31±1.37) and alcoholism (x̄ =2.15±1.40). The ANOVA results show that problems experienced did not significantly (p≥0.05) differ based on their age categories and their playing experience with the exception of marital break-ups (x̄ =1.88±1.17; F4,129 =2.5, p < 0.04). As such, providing incentives, insurance and medical schemes, pre and post-retirement programmes to soccer stakeholders such as soccer clubs, government agencies and coaches may reverse the trends

The purpose of this study was to investigate the main factors that compel Kenyan soccer players to retire from active participation and problems that they experienced after retirement. It was predicted that the above factors would not significantly vary in relation to their age categories, levels of education and playing experience. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 130 retired soccer players (ages ranged from 21 to more than 60 years). Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and frequencies) were used to analyse the data; and One-way ANOVA was used to test the null hypotheses of the study. The main findings of the study indicated that majority of the retired players had retired voluntarily due to lack of attractive incentives (x̄ =3.48±1.50), diminishing physical ability (x̄ =2.76±1.44), lack of encouragement from significant others (x̄ =2.76±1.44) and de-selection or declined soccer performance (x̄ =2.75±2.75). They experienced problems of loss of identity (x̄ =2.97±1.51), desperation for employment (x̄ =2.43±1.44), depression (x̄ =2.38±1.46), idleness (x̄ =2.31±1.37) and alcoholism (x̄ =2.15±1.40). The ANOVA results show that problems experienced did not significantly (p≥0.05) differ based on their age categories and their playing experience with the exception of marital break-ups (x̄ =1.88±1.17; F4,129 =2.5, p < 0.04). As such, providing incentives, insurance and medical schemes, pre and post-retirement programmes to soccer stakeholders such as soccer clubs, government agencies and coaches may reverse the trends