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Abstract
Intelligent algorithms together with various machine learning techniques hold a dominant position among major challenges for contemporary value sensitive design. Self-learning capabilities of current AI applications blur the causal link between programmer and computer behavior. This creates a vital challenge for the design, development and implementation of digital technologies nowadays. This paper seeks to provide an account of this challenge. The main question that shapes the current analysis is the following: What conceptual tools can be developed within the value sensitive design school of thought for evaluating machine learning algorithms where the causal relation between designers and the behavior of their computer systems has been eroded? The answer to this question will be provided through two levels of investigation within the value sensitive design methodology. The first level is conceptual. Within the conceptual level, we will introduce the notion of computer intentionality and will show how this term may be used for solving an issue of non-causal relation between designer and computer system. The second level of investigation is technical. At this level the emphasis will be given to machine learning algorithms.

Abstract
Contemporary medical diagnostics has a dynamic moral landscape, which includes a variety of agents, factors, and components. A significant part of this landscape is composed of information technologies that play a vital role in doctors' decision-making. This paper focuses on the so-called Intelligent Decision-Support System that is widely implemented in the domain of contemporary medical diagnosis. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I will show that the IDSS may be considered a moral agent in the practice of medicine today. To develop this idea I will introduce the approach to artificial agency provided by Luciano Floridi. Simultaneously, I will situate this approach in the context of contemporary discussions regarding the nature of artificial agency. It is argued here that the IDSS possesses a specific sort of agency, includes several agent features (e.g. autonomy, interactivity, adaptability), and hence, performs an autonomous behavior, which may have a substantial moral impact on the patient's well-being. It follows that, through the technology of artificial neural networks combined with 'deep learning' mechanisms, the IDSS tool achieves a specific sort of independence (autonomy) and may possess a certain type of moral agency. Second, I will provide a conceptual framework for the ethical evaluation of the moral impact that the IDSS may have on the doctor's decision-making and, consequently, on the patient's wellbeing. This framework is the Object-Oriented Model of Moral Action developed by Luciano Floridi. Although this model appears in many contemporary discussions in the field of information and computer ethics, it has not yet been applied to the medical domain. This paper addresses this gap and seeks to reveal the hidden potentialities of the OOP model for the field of medical diagnosis.

Last year, the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" celebrated the 25 th anniversary. This article confines to this very special event and analyzes three important anthropological studies that deal with moral components of human being. The research directions have been formed at the Department since its establishment in 1992.The first part of the article focuses mainly on the Kantian studies. According to Kant's anthropology, human nature should be explored on two levels: empirical and intelligible. Empirical level deals with general causality and considers the human being as the one entirely determined by nature. The second level considers the man from the perspective of freedom, moral activity, capacity to create aims and legislation. The research primarily gives a general scale of Kantian intelligible anthropology, which appears as a two-dimensional framework and consists of moral anthropological perspective and the one which Kant calls anthroponymy. Only the combination of these two aspects can allow us to comprehend the human nature as a whole.The second section of this article will shed a light on the Nietzschean anthropological theory. The paper elucidates three basic dimensions of Nietzschean critical anthropology. First of all, of the author comments on Nietzsche's critique of Christian morality. Next, he articulates the Nietzschean idea of self-overcoming. Finally, the author identifies the main features of his genealogy of morality. All those components bound together can provide a wide horizon of Nietzschean opinion on the ethical dimension of human being.The last part of this article considers modern techno-anthropology in a broad sense. The problem of human and technology relation is considered in an ethical dimension, which unites all the three research directions. In this section, the author discusses the main components of technological mediation and non-neutrality. Using these two concepts, he proves that human nature (even in its ethical dimension) is not an autonomous and independent actor but the one that is deeply connected with the world and others through technology.Article received 12.02.2018 ; З-поміж досліджень, що здійснювалися на базі кафедри філософії та релігієзнавства Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» з часу її заснування (1992), значне місце належить філософсько-антропологічній проблематиці. Автор статті зосереджує увагу на такому важливому філософсько-антропологічному питанні, як морально-етична природа людини, й аналізує низку репрезентативних праць києво-могилянських дослідників, у яких це питання набуває, на його думку, доволі плідної розробки.У першій частині статті йдеться про висвітлення відповідної проблематики в контексті вивчення Кантової антропології та філософії Ніцше. Об'єднуючи ці два сюжети спільною перспективою, автор намагається, з одного боку, унаочнити ключові елементи Кантового критичного підходу до морально-етичної природи людини, а з іншого – вказати на інтелектуальний потенціал Ніцшевої думки для сучасних антропологічних студій.У другій частині статті запропоновано ще одну, більш сучасну антропологічну перспективу, що має назву «антропологія техніки». Цю частину дослідження присвячено аналізу засадничих механізмів впливу сучасної техніки на моральну поведінку людини. У межах зазначеного підходу техніка постає як реальний дієвець, який уможливлює, впливає (а подекуди й визначає) поведінку суб'єкта.Матеріал надійшов 12.02.2018

Last year, the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" celebrated the 25 th anniversary. This article confines to this very special event and analyzes three important anthropological studies that deal with moral components of human being. The research directions have been formed at the Department since its establishment in 1992.The first part of the article focuses mainly on the Kantian studies. According to Kant's anthropology, human nature should be explored on two levels: empirical and intelligible. Empirical level deals with general causality and considers the human being as the one entirely determined by nature. The second level considers the man from the perspective of freedom, moral activity, capacity to create aims and legislation. The research primarily gives a general scale of Kantian intelligible anthropology, which appears as a two-dimensional framework and consists of moral anthropological perspective and the one which Kant calls anthroponymy. Only the combination of these two aspects can allow us to comprehend the human nature as a whole.The second section of this article will shed a light on the Nietzschean anthropological theory. The paper elucidates three basic dimensions of Nietzschean critical anthropology. First of all, of the author comments on Nietzsche's critique of Christian morality. Next, he articulates the Nietzschean idea of self-overcoming. Finally, the author identifies the main features of his genealogy of morality. All those components bound together can provide a wide horizon of Nietzschean opinion on the ethical dimension of human being.The last part of this article considers modern techno-anthropology in a broad sense. The problem of human and technology relation is considered in an ethical dimension, which unites all the three research directions. In this section, the author discusses the main components of technological mediation and non-neutrality. Using these two concepts, he proves that human nature (even in its ethical dimension) is not an autonomous and independent actor but the one that is deeply connected with the world and others through technology.Article received 12.02.2018 ; З-поміж досліджень, що здійснювалися на базі кафедри філософії та релігієзнавства Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» з часу її заснування (1992), значне місце належить філософсько-антропологічній проблематиці. Автор статті зосереджує увагу на такому важливому філософсько-антропологічному питанні, як морально-етична природа людини, й аналізує низку репрезентативних праць києво-могилянських дослідників, у яких це питання набуває, на його думку, доволі плідної розробки.У першій частині статті йдеться про висвітлення відповідної проблематики в контексті вивчення Кантової антропології та філософії Ніцше. Об'єднуючи ці два сюжети спільною перспективою, автор намагається, з одного боку, унаочнити ключові елементи Кантового критичного підходу до морально-етичної природи людини, а з іншого – вказати на інтелектуальний потенціал Ніцшевої думки для сучасних антропологічних студій.У другій частині статті запропоновано ще одну, більш сучасну антропологічну перспективу, що має назву «антропологія техніки». Цю частину дослідження присвячено аналізу засадничих механізмів впливу сучасної техніки на моральну поведінку людини. У межах зазначеного підходу техніка постає як реальний дієвець, який уможливлює, впливає (а подекуди й визначає) поведінку суб'єкта.Матеріал надійшов 12.02.2018

Last year, the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" celebrated the 25 th anniversary. This article confines to this very special event and analyzes three important anthropological studies that deal with moral components of human being. The research directions have been formed at the Department since its establishment in 1992.The first part of the article focuses mainly on the Kantian studies. According to Kant's anthropology, human nature should be explored on two levels: empirical and intelligible. Empirical level deals with general causality and considers the human being as the one entirely determined by nature. The second level considers the man from the perspective of freedom, moral activity, capacity to create aims and legislation. The research primarily gives a general scale of Kantian intelligible anthropology, which appears as a two-dimensional framework and consists of moral anthropological perspective and the one which Kant calls anthroponymy. Only the combination of these two aspects can allow us to comprehend the human nature as a whole.The second section of this article will shed a light on the Nietzschean anthropological theory. The paper elucidates three basic dimensions of Nietzschean critical anthropology. First of all, of the author comments on Nietzsche's critique of Christian morality. Next, he articulates the Nietzschean idea of self-overcoming. Finally, the author identifies the main features of his genealogy of morality. All those components bound together can provide a wide horizon of Nietzschean opinion on the ethical dimension of human being.The last part of this article considers modern techno-anthropology in a broad sense. The problem of human and technology relation is considered in an ethical dimension, which unites all the three research directions. In this section, the author discusses the main components of technological mediation and non-neutrality. Using these two concepts, he proves that human nature (even in its ethical dimension) is not an autonomous and independent actor but the one that is deeply connected with the world and others through technology.Article received 12.02.2018 ; З-поміж досліджень, що здійснювалися на базі кафедри філософії та релігієзнавства Національного університету «Києво-Могилянська академія» з часу її заснування (1992), значне місце належить філософсько-антропологічній проблематиці. Автор статті зосереджує увагу на такому важливому філософсько-антропологічному питанні, як морально-етична природа людини, й аналізує низку репрезентативних праць києво-могилянських дослідників, у яких це питання набуває, на його думку, доволі плідної розробки.У першій частині статті йдеться про висвітлення відповідної проблематики в контексті вивчення Кантової антропології та філософії Ніцше. Об'єднуючи ці два сюжети спільною перспективою, автор намагається, з одного боку, унаочнити ключові елементи Кантового критичного підходу до морально-етичної природи людини, а з іншого – вказати на інтелектуальний потенціал Ніцшевої думки для сучасних антропологічних студій.У другій частині статті запропоновано ще одну, більш сучасну антропологічну перспективу, що має назву «антропологія техніки». Цю частину дослідження присвячено аналізу засадничих механізмів впливу сучасної техніки на моральну поведінку людини. У межах зазначеного підходу техніка постає як реальний дієвець, який уможливлює, впливає (а подекуди й визначає) поведінку суб'єкта.Матеріал надійшов 12.02.2018

Abstract
This paper revives phenomenological elements to have a better framework for addressing the implications of technologies on society. For this reason, we introduce the motto "back to the technologies themselves" to show how some phenomenological elements, which have not been highlighted in the philosophy of technology so far, can be fruitfully integrated within the postphenomenological analysis. In particular, we introduce the notion of technological intentionality in relation to the passive synthesis in Husserl's phenomenology. Although the notion of technological intentionality has already been coined in postphenomenology, it is "in tension" with the notion of technological mediation since there are still no clear differences between these two concepts and studies on how they relate one to another. The tension between mediation and intentionality arises because it seems intuitively reasonable to suggest that intentionality differs from mediation in a number of ways; however, these elements have not been clearly clarified in postphenomenology so far. To highlight what technological intentionality is and how it differs from mediation, we turn the motto "back to the things themselves" into "back to the technologies themselves," showing how the technologies have to be taken into consideration by themselves. More specifically, we use the concept of passive synthesis developed by Husserl, and we apply it to technologies to show their inner passive activity. The notion of the passive synthesis enables to demonstrate how technologies are able to connect to a wider (technological) environment without the subjects' activity. Consequently, we claim that technologies have their pole of action, and they passively act by themselves.

An "empirical turn" that took place in the mid-1980s has shaped the intellectual land­scape of modern philosophy of technology. This turn has been developed as an alter­native to previous approaches that paid little attention to the analysis of specific tech­nological objects, and instead consider technology as an abstract force alienated from concrete materiality. Postphenomenology that will be at the center of this article, is a contemporary philosophical school of thought that emerged after the "empirical turn". At the center of the postphenomenological method lies the theory of techno­logical mediation. According to this theory, a human and the world are not predeter­mined but are constantly shaped through permanent interaction with each other. Such interaction, according to representatives of the postphenomenological approach, is established through technology. The latter actively changes both poles – the human who uses the technology, and the world, which is being perceived "through" technol­ogy. In my opinion, one of the major theoretical issues in the field of today's theory of technological mediation is that it does not pay attention to the connection between a human and transcendence. In the current article, I show that such a connection can be revealed through Karl Jaspers' metaphysics. Within this study, I will focus on two key concepts of Jasper's metaphysics – on the notion of antinomy, and on the con­cept of a cipher. The main idea of both doctrines is that transcendence is revealed to a person not directly, but through certain material ciphers, which, according to Jaspers, appear to the human existence in the form of antinomies. Jaspers himself considers nature, art, and consciousness as such ciphers. After the analysis of Jaspers' metaphysics, I formulate an intellectual hypothesis according to which modern tech­nology might be considered as a cipher of transcendence. Moreover, I will show that the connection between technology and transcendence can be established through the concept of technological antinomy. The main theoretical result of this study lays in the extension of today's theory of technological mediation through the conceptual elements of Karl Jaspers' metaphysics. Because of this extension, it becomes possible to identify the connection between transcendence and modern technology.