Suchergebnisse

The following dissertation partially gathers the research carried out within two projects of the DGICyT (Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spanish Government Department for Scientific and Technical Research) in the National Park of Doñana. The main objectives of those projects were to establish a reference frame for positioning within the Park and to determine an accurate geoid. This would allow obtaining orthometric heights derived from GPS observations, which are very useful in those studies regarding the hydrology and geohydrology of the area. The absence of the geoid model would lead to errors when determining the orthometric heights through ellipsoidal ones, due to the great geoid undulation gradient in this zone. The National Park of Doñana is a protected area due to its great ecological value. It is located in the SW coast of Spain, between Huelva and Sevilla, and it has an extension of 500 km2 approximately. Almost half of its territory is a wetland, covered with water during the humid season. Additionaly, there are several restricted areas. These circumstances difficult the field observations. The first part of the work focuses on the analysis of geodetic and levelling networks already established in the area. It is important to know the conditions and accuracy of these networks, since they will become the base for the network instilled in the inner zone of the Park. The network was used initially when adjusting the different geoid models and later when computing a new model. The local network was linked to the Spanish national network (REGENTE) and to the highly precision levelling network (NAP). The adjustment of the gravimetric geoids IBERGEO95 and EGG97 in the zone was checked. Both were adjusted by means of GPS/levelling/gravimetric observations at some selected points, in two axis showing a N-S and E-W direction approximately, in order to control any directional variation. Checking the adjustment of IBERGEO95 and EGG97 allows to deduce that there is no guarantee of centimetre accuracy within the Park. Thus, a geometric geoid was computed by means of the remove-restore technique, using for that purpose: the global model CG01, obtained from the combined solution of earth data and data coming from space missions CHAMP and GRACE; and the digital terrain model obtained by merging the MDT25 model (from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, National Geographic Institute of Spain) and the bathymetric data of the zone (from the Instituto Hidrográfico de la Marina, Marine Hydrogeographic Institute of Spain) The field data adquired within this work, as well as the geoid model obtained (namely Doñana 2005) will be of great help for the different studies regarding the superficial hydrology of the marshland and the tectonic and hydrogeological structure of the Park. These studies are currently being carried out and clearly show the inter-relationship among geodetic, geological and hydrogeological disciplines. ; Postprint (published version)

The following dissertation partially gathers the research carried out within two projects of the DGICyT (Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spanish Government Department for Scientific and Technical Research) in the National Park of Doñana. The main objectives of those projects were to establish a reference frame for positioning within the Park and to determine an accurate geoid. This would allow obtaining orthometric heights derived from GPS observations, which are very useful in those studies regarding the hydrology and geohydrology of the area. The absence of the geoid model would lead to errors when determining the orthometric heights through ellipsoidal ones, due to the great geoid undulation gradient in this zone. The National Park of Doñana is a protected area due to its great ecological value. It is located in the SW coast of Spain, between Huelva and Sevilla, and it has an extension of 500 km2 approximately. Almost half of its territory is a wetland, covered with water during the humid season. Additionaly, there are several restricted areas. These circumstances difficult the field observations. The first part of the work focuses on the analysis of geodetic and levelling networks already established in the area. It is important to know the conditions and accuracy of these networks, since they will become the base for the network instilled in the inner zone of the Park. The network was used initially when adjusting the different geoid models and later when computing a new model. The local network was linked to the Spanish national network (REGENTE) and to the highly precision levelling network (NAP). The adjustment of the gravimetric geoids IBERGEO95 and EGG97 in the zone was checked. Both were adjusted by means of GPS/levelling/gravimetric observations at some selected points, in two axis showing a N-S and E-W direction approximately, in order to control any directional variation. Checking the adjustment of IBERGEO95 and EGG97 allows to deduce that there is no guarantee of centimetre accuracy within the Park. Thus, a geometric geoid was computed by means of the remove-restore technique, using for that purpose: the global model CG01, obtained from the combined solution of earth data and data coming from space missions CHAMP and GRACE; and the digital terrain model obtained by merging the MDT25 model (from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, National Geographic Institute of Spain) and the bathymetric data of the zone (from the Instituto Hidrográfico de la Marina, Marine Hydrogeographic Institute of Spain) The field data adquired within this work, as well as the geoid model obtained (namely Doñana 2005) will be of great help for the different studies regarding the superficial hydrology of the marshland and the tectonic and hydrogeological structure of the Park. These studies are currently being carried out and clearly show the inter-relationship among geodetic, geological and hydrogeological disciplines. ; Postprint (published version)

The following dissertation partially gathers the research carried out within two projects of the DGICyT (Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spanish Government Department for Scientific and Technical Research) in the National Park of Doñana. The main objectives of those projects were to establish a reference frame for positioning within the Park and to determine an accurate geoid. This would allow obtaining orthometric heights derived from GPS observations, which are very useful in those studies regarding the hydrology and geohydrology of the area. The absence of the geoid model would lead to errors when determining the orthometric heights through ellipsoidal ones, due to the great geoid undulation gradient in this zone. The National Park of Doñana is a protected area due to its great ecological value. It is located in the SW coast of Spain, between Huelva and Sevilla, and it has an extension of 500 km2 approximately. Almost half of its territory is a wetland, covered with water during the humid season. Additionaly, there are several restricted areas. These circumstances difficult the field observations. The first part of the work focuses on the analysis of geodetic and levelling networks already established in the area. It is important to know the conditions and accuracy of these networks, since they will become the base for the network instilled in the inner zone of the Park. The network was used initially when adjusting the different geoid models and later when computing a new model. The local network was linked to the Spanish national network (REGENTE) and to the highly precision levelling network (NAP). The adjustment of the gravimetric geoids IBERGEO95 and EGG97 in the zone was checked. Both were adjusted by means of GPS/levelling/gravimetric observations at some selected points, in two axis showing a N-S and E-W direction approximately, in order to control any directional variation. Checking the adjustment of IBERGEO95 and EGG97 allows to deduce that there is no guarantee of ...

El régimen de reservas en la Convención de Viena de 1969 (CV) representa uno de sus apartes más complejos desde el punto de vista de su interpretación. La pregunta que este artículo busca responder es la siguiente: ¿por qué los Estados en últimas se comportan como se comportan al formular reservas y correspondientemente o aceptarlas u objetarlas? Al procurar responderla, sugerimos que la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) podría verse beneficiada de aproximaciones centradas en behavioral economics, las cuales, quizás, disminuirían los impactos negativos que tendría para el derecho internacional público el régimen de reservas vigente. Este artículo de revisión inscrito en un plan de investigación sobre la praxis del derecho internacional público moderno, propone como hipótesis de trabajo que al ser el régimen de reservas no solo complejo, sino también débil, la CDI podría tener en cuenta los hallazgos de behavioral economics y así armonizar la interpretación de las normas jurídicas en materia de reservas.

By collecting environmental data and by using an hermeneutical approach, this Article features the following working hypothesis: that the actions of modern States in the context of economic sanctions programs and imposition of sanctions by sender States against target States, either of unilateral or multilateral nature in the light of current international legal instruments, particularly the International Bill of Rights, upon being perused on the basis of two features, (a) what is sought, which is mainly seeking to change the behavior of any given State or government and (b) punishing a behavior that has been found by the sender State as wrong and illicit, observing at the same time the behavior of the sender State and the target State, the purpose of international law ends up relatively being materialized and the worlds of the ought and of the might although distinguishable in the planes of ideas, are ultimately mixed up. The idea underlying our main working hypothesis as to the imposition of economic sanctions which as their own name suggest have an extensive economic aspect, particularly when they are adopted by the United States, is that an apparent violation of international law actually shows the relative verification of its provisions and that law and politics are mixed up and inevitably intertwined. In that sense and contrary to what may be extensively suggested, public international law is complied with even if the imposition of economic sanctions as they are imposed today may suggest otherwise. ; Este artículo presenta como hipótesis central de trabajo que en el actuar de los Estados-Nación y en el contexto preciso de la imposición de sanciones económicas unilaterales o multilaterales a la luz de los instrumentos internacionales vigentes, particularmente el International Bill of Rights, cuyos objetivos centrales son cambiar la conducta de un Estado o un gobierno y castigar una conducta estimada como reprochable de ese Estado o ese gobierno, el derecho internacional es eficaz y efectivo relativamente y los mundos del ought (deber-Derecho) y del might (poder-Política), aunque distinguibles y diferenciables en el plano teórico, terminan confundiéndose en el plano práctico o de la praxis. La principal idea subyacente de nuestra hipótesis de trabajo radica en que una aparente inobservancia del derecho internacional público en materia de imposición de sanciones, sobre todo unilaterales, en particular por parte de los Estados Unidos de América, y que tienen una connotación sobre todo económica, significaría una realización relativa del mismo, y que los fenómenos de deber y poder, y correspondientemente de derecho y política, terminan confundiéndose, no pudiéndose por tanto hablar de una inefectividad o ineficacia absolutas de las normas de derecho internacional público. La aproximación metodológica al estado de la cuestión del presente trabajo es hermenéutica, y se examinan por tanto no solo los textos relevantes, sino también la conducta de los Estados, tanto aquellos que imponen las sanciones económicas (sender States) como aquellos contra los cuales se imponen (target States).

For the last ten years, the United Nations Organization has been discussing the need of reform1, and that discussion has become more important as the world lives now –contrary to the purposes of international law– an evident situation ofinsecurity and disorder. In analyzing the problem of effectiveness of international law and international rules dealing with security and defense3, it is worth asking whether not only the institutions and structure of the United Nations Organization (UN) shall be reformed, but also whether its legal and juridical constitution, that is, the United Nations Charter (hereinafter the UN Charter) shall be reformed as well. And the answer is yes, but cautioning that any reform will have only a political impact, that sometimes will be tantamount to a juridical one and sometimes not. After summing up some proposals brought in by some States as well as the overall reform project, this essay tries to explain the international law that is effective, by ultimately identifying an axiom, and by briefly suggesting some proposals that take into account a point of balance between a set of realistic international norms and the current geopolitical scenario, which entails mainly two groups of entities: first, a set of democratic regimes versus a set of non-democratic regimes; and second, a set of high income entities versus a set of middle and low income entities5. Such political and economic reality makes the functioning of the UN Charter —as designed today— a failing one as it does not respond justly and efficiently to the challenges of the current situation.This essay that seeks to answer questions related to the United Nations reform effectiveness is divided in two sections. The first section is the introductory one where the state of the question and the definition of some terms are presented. The second section which is divided in two sub-sections contains a synthesis that explains the state of the question and the analytical part where the reader will find the bulk of my essay and my main suggestions regarding the state of the question. ; En los últimos diez años la Organización de Naciones Unidas ha discutido la necesidad de reformarse y esa discusión se ha tornado más importante en la medida en que el mundo vive ahora —contrario a la misión del derecho internacional— una evidente situación de inseguridad y desorden. Al analizar el problema de la efectividad del derecho internacional público y de las reglas internacionales relacionadas con seguridad y defensa, vale la pena preguntarse si no sólo las instituciones y estructuras de la Organización de Naciones Unidas deben ser reformadas, sino también ser reformada su constitución legal y jurídica, es decir, la Carta de la Organización de Naciones Unidas. Y la respuesta es sí, pero advirtiendo que cualquier reforma tendrá sólo un impacto político, que algunas veces será equivalente a uno jurídico y algunas veces no.Luego de presentar en forma resumida las propuestas de algunos Estados así como el proyecto de reforma, este ensayo trata de explicar el derecho internacional que es efectivo por vía de la identificación de un axioma, y mediante la sugerencia de algunas propuestas que tengan en cuenta un punto de equilibrio entre un conjunto de normas internacionales realistas y el escenario geopolítico actual, que implica básicamente dos tipos de entidades: primero, un grupo de regímenes democráticos versus un grupo de regímenes no democráticos; y segundo, un conjunto de entidades con ingreso alto versus un conjunto de entidades con ingreso medio o bajo. Dicha realidad política y económica hace que el funcionamiento de la Carta de la ONU —en la forma en que está diseñada hoy— sea precario en la medida en que no responde de manera justa y eficiente a los retos de la situación actual. Este ensayo está dividido en dos secciones. La primera sección es introductoria, y en ella se presenta el estado de la cuestión y las definiciones de términos. La segunda sección que está dividida en dos subsecciones contiene una síntesis que explica el estado de la cuestión y una parta analítica en donde el lector encontrará el cuerpo más importante de mi ensayo y mis principales sugerencias acerca del estado de la cuestión.

Is there an intersection between the application of Public International Law with the political conduction of international relations? Should International Law, International Order and International Rules be redefined? How can such an intersection be found? The investigation seeks to extrapolate new definitions and an International Law axiom by utilizing sundry approaches to the state of the question which is properly laid out as well as some terms defined previous to the discussion by utilizing "approaches." The investigation is carried out by using the Cartesian method or that of Descartes and followers and the formal and material logical structures. Eventually new definitions and an axiom by extrapolating analyses categories are laid out. Hence, approaches such as the "legalistic" one, the "natural law" one, the "religious," the "extra-legal" one, the "eclectic" one, the "effective" one and the "UN proposed" one are analyzed in-depth upon observing the experience and current factual situation even though noting that those approaches are neither mutually exclusive nor "pure," but representative as the examples supporting them show. The paper's bottom line is no other than zeroing in on one of the oldest of International Law's wounds: That of its effectiveness. But by pointing out various moot points and by reflecting on the different reality stages, one can conclude that the material mission of the law as well as the aims of international order are eventually attained. Nonetheless in concluding and setting out the axioms and new definitions, the existing political power within a democratic framework should not be overlooked as the praxis of International Law meets that of international power to form then a juxtaposition. So, regardless of some international instruments being deemed as substantial law, one has to ask whether what the international community calls "breaking of law," is rather a breaking of procedures or adjective mandates. ; ¿Existe un punto de equilibrio o balance entre lo que es la aplicación del derecho internacional público y el manejo político de las relaciones internacionales? ¿Deben los conceptos de Derecho Internacional, Orden Internacional y Reglas Internacionales ser redefinidos? ¿Cómo se puede encontrar un punto de equilibrio? Esta investigación busca la extrapolación de nuevas definiciones y de un axioma de Derecho Internacional utilizando para ello varias aproximaciones al estado de la cuestión que es presentada así como términos previamente definidos en forma anterior al inicio de la discusión que utiliza las denominadas "aproximaciones." La investigación se lleva a cabo usando el método cartesiano y las estructuras de la lógica formal y material. Al final, nuevas definiciones y un axioma son presentadas usando para ello distintas categorías de análisis. Así, "aproximaciones" como la "religiosa o teocrática," o la "extra-legal," o la "legalista," o la "efectiva," o la del "derecho natural," la "ecléctica," la del "deber ser" y finalmente la "efectiva" son analizadas en profundidad a través de la observación de la experiencia y la situación actual, aun cuando haciendo notar que dichas aproximaciones no son mutuamente excluyentes, no tampoco "puras," pero sí representativas como los ejemplos que las soportan muestran. La idea subyacente de la investigación no es otra que centrarse en uno de los temas más importantes del derecho internacional: su efectividad. Pero al señalar varios puntos de discusión y a través de la reflexión de los diferentes escenarios reales, se puede concluir que la misión material del derecho internacional al final se cumple. No obstante, al concluir y al trazar el axioma y nuevas definiciones, no puede olvidarse el poder político existente dentro de un marco democrático por cuanto la praxis del derecho internacional se encuentra con la del poder internacional para formar una intersección. De tal manera, que independientemente de que algunos instrumentos internacionales se tengan como norma sustantiva, debe preguntarse uno si lo que la comunidad internacional llama "violación del derecho" no es una pero de meras reglas adjetivas.

Is there an intersection between the application of Public International Law with the political conduction of international relations? Should International Law, International Order and International Rules be redefined? How can such an intersection be found? The investigation seeks to extrapolate new definitions and an International Law axiom by utilizing sundry approaches to the state of the question which is properly laid out as well as some terms defined previous to the discussion by utilizing "approaches". The investigation is carried out by using the Cartesian method or that of Descartes and followers and the formal and material logical structures. Eventually new definitions and an axiom by extrapolating analyses categories are laid out. Hence, approaches such as the "legalistic" one, the "natural law" one, the "religious", the "extra-legal" one, the "eclectic" one, the "effective" one and the "UN proposed" one are analyzed in-depth upon observing the experience and current factual situation even though noting that those approaches are neither mutually exclusive nor "pure", but representative as the examples supporting them show. The paper's bottom line is no other than zeroing in on one of the oldest of International Law's wounds: That of its effectiveness. But by pointing out various moot points and by reflecting on the different reality stages, one can conclude that the material mission of the law as well as the aims of international order are eventually attained. Nonetheless in concluding and setting out the axioms and new definitions, the existing political power within a democratic framework should not be overlooked as the praxis of International Law meets that of international power to form then a juxtaposition. So, regardless of some international instruments being deemed as substantial law, one has to ask whether what the international community calls "breaking of law", is rather a breaking of procedures or adjective mandates. ; ¿Existe un punto de equilibrio o balance entre lo que es la aplicación del derecho internacional público y el manejo político de las relaciones internacionales? ¿Deben los conceptos de derecho internacional, orden internacional y reglas internacionales ser redefinidos? ¿Cómo se puede encontrar un punto de equilibrio? Esta investigación busca la extrapolación de nuevas definiciones y de un axioma de derecho internacional utilizando para ello varias aproximaciones al estado de la cuestión que es presentada así como términos previamente definidos en forma anterior al inicio de la discusión que utiliza las denominadas "aproximaciones". La investigación se lleva a cabo usando el método cartesiano y las estructuras de la lógica formal y material. Al final, nuevas definiciones y un axioma son presentadas usando para ello distintas categorías de análisis. Así, "aproximaciones" como la "religiosa o teocrática", o la "extralegal", o la "legalista", o la "efectiva", o la del "derecho natural", la "ecléctica", la del "deber ser" y finalmente la "efectiva" son analizadas en profundidad a través de la observación de la experiencia y la situación actual, aun cuando haciendo notar que dichas aproximaciones no son mutuamente excluyentes, ni tampoco "puras", pero sí representativas como los ejemplos que las soportan muestran. La idea subyacente de la investigación no es otra que centrarse en uno de los temas más importantes del derecho internacional: su efectividad. Pero al señalar varios puntos de discusión y a través de la reflexión de los diferentes escenarios reales, se puede concluir que la misión material del derecho internacional al final se cumple. No obstante, al concluir y al trazar el axioma y nuevas definiciones, no puede olvidarse el poder político existente dentro de un marco democrático por cuanto la praxis del derecho internacional se encuentra con la del poder internacional para formar una intersección. De tal manera, que independientemente de que algunos instrumentos internacionales se tengan como norma sustantiva, debe preguntarse uno si lo que la comunidad internacional llama "violación del derecho" no es una pero de meras reglas adjetivas.

The problem of Public International Law effectiveness hasbeen continuously analyzed by international law legal scholars.Very useful approaches have already been identified and nowa wide range of theories as to how to tackle this importantissue can be pinned down: From those who believe in a"realistic approach," to those who try to find in deepphilosophical reasons the problem of effectiveness, all legal scholars try to explain why entities in the international arenashould behave in a way that permits human beings to fulfill thedivine (or Absolute) mandate: that of achieving their ownhappiness. The underlying idea of this paper might be explainedby saying that we try to find an explication that satisfies at thesame time, both the plane of "What it is" and the plane of"What ought to be or what should be (The "Must-Be"plane)." And in this sense, this paper which tries to do so byusing a multidisciplinary approach (as we use not only thejuridical sciences, but also HABERMAS' "Social Philosophy,"the JACKSON'S International Economic Law approach and thepolitical science as well as the political economy and thepsychology), concludes that for Public International Law toexist, and in fact, it does exist, it has to be effective, and indeedit is. The problem is describing how it is effective; hence aconclusion is laid out in the sense that only a customary-timerestrained and times-oriented/focused international law isthat which is effective. That is what reality shows, so in a waythis paper might fall down under the label of what legalscholars throughout the world have called the "realisticapproach." ; El problema de la efectividad del derecho internacional público ha sido continuamente analizado por tratadistas de derecho internacional público. Algunas aproximaciones muy útiles han sido ya esgrimidas y ahora una gran cantidad de teorías sobre cómo tratar este importante asunto se han concretado: desde aquellos que creen en una aproximación "realista" hasta aquellos que tratan de encontrar en razones filosóficas profundas el problema de efectividad, todos los tratadistas tratan de explicar por qué las entidades en el escenario internacional deben comportarse de una forma que permita a los seres humanos alcanzar su fin último: su felicidad. La idea subyacente de este trabajo puede ser explicada diciendo que tratamos de encontrar una explicación que satisfaga tanto el plano de lo "que es" como el plano de lo que "debe ser". Y en este sentido, este trabajo que trata de hacer eso usando un método multidisciplinario (no usamos sólo las ciencias jurídicas, sino también la "filosofía social" de HABERMAS, la aproximación de las "relaciones internacionales económicas" de JOHN H. JACKSON y las ciencias políticas y la psicología) concluye que para que el derecho internacional público exista, y de hecho, existe, tiene que ser efectivo, y de hecho lo es. El problema es describir cómo es efectivo: así se expone una conclusión en el sentido de que sólo el derecho internacional consuetudinario sujeto/orientado a los tiempos es aquel que es efectivo. Eso es lo que la realidad muestra, de tal manera que este trabajo puede encuadrarse dentro de lo que se denomina una aproximación "realista" al problema de la efectividad del derecho internacional público.

El libro nos invita a reflexionar sobre la promesa de un futuro esplendor que ha proyectado el discurso del desarrollo en el Chile de las últimas décadas. Tras esa imagen es posible observar y constatar importantes desigualdades territoriales y ausencias de justicia espacial que asombran. A partir del estudio de la producción de imágenes y símbolos de un (aparente) país exitoso y próspero, Núñez y Aliste desmoronan aquella invención social con ejemplos concretos: zonas de sacrificio, el problema del agua, el extractivismo (y el eco-extractivismo) y sus impactantes consecuencias.

Purpose
The importance of sustainability in architecture currently necessitates the integration of innovative teaching strategies on the subject into architecture programs. This study aims to introduce and examine peer learning pedagogy by peer tutoring to educate architecture students in sustainable design.


Design/methodology/approach
Based on class assignments proposed in two different architecture sustainability-focused courses in the second and fourth years of the Bachelor of Science in architecture program, a total of 103 students assessed the proposed peer learning experience and its impact on their sustainability mindsets and education. Subjective surveys for evaluating the peer learning experience were designed and delivered at different stages of the course sequences. A total of 502 survey responses were obtained in the study.


Findings
The qualitative and quantitative data analysis confirms that the proposed peer learning by peer tutoring increased students' knowledge, motivation and commitment to sustainable design. In addition, participants became more confident in applying sustainable design skills and their academic grades improved more than 25% compared to previous courses using traditional teaching methods.


Originality/value
Traditional architecture education has long been criticized for their pedagogical methodologies based primarily on passive learning. Recently, these programs have begun to prepare students to become active learners and communicators in collaborative and multidisciplinary environments. A mixed-method approach of combining pre-/post-experience surveys and analysis of final grades was used to determine the level of success and the quantifiable behavior change delivered by students involved in this peer learning experience.