Suchergebnisse

Crime perception has increased in Peru in recent years, as in other developing and developed countries, in spite of the reduction in crime victimization figures. Our hypothesis is that the news industry is in part responsible for such developments. Using a novel database of written news, we identify short-term deviations from the long-term trend in the coverage of crime news at the province level and estimate the effect of news media on crime perception. We measure coverage as a function of the area an article occupies in cm2. Peruvians are great consumers of written news. For instance, Trome, a Peruvian gazette, is the most read Spanish-language newspaper in the world. We find that a spike of negative crime news increases people's perception about the probability of being a crime victim. We find the opposite for positive crime news. However, the effect per cm2 of negative news is more than three times larger than the effect of positive news in absolute value, signaling a potential asymmetry in the revision of people's expectations. We show that these changes in perception are smaller for recent crime victims than for non-victims and that women's perception is less sensitive to positive crime news. We also explore how these perception changes are transmitted to the political landscape and how individuals distribute accountability and reward between different political institutions.

El presente trabajo tiene el propósito de contribuir a mejorar el conocimiento de la calidad del aire en la ciudad de Loja a través del análisis de la emisión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de los vehículos automotores, para lo cual se caracterizó al parque automotor mediante encuestas, aforo vehicular y recopilación de información en entidades públicas y privadas. Obtenida la información base, se estimó la emisión de CO2en toneladas por año para la flota registrada en el año 2017 por el Centro de Matriculación Vehicular de Loja-CMVLM y la Unidad Municipal de Transporte Terrestre, Transito y Seguridad Vial-UMTTSV, aplicando la fórmula general desarrollada por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos-EPA, que utiliza tres variables: número de vehículos, actividad vehicular y factor de emisión. Los resultados muestran que, en la ciudad de Loja, el parque automotor emitió 208.920 toneladas de CO2durante el año 2017. El transporte particular con 60% es el que principalmente contribuyó a la emisión de CO2a la atmósfera, seguido del transporte público bajo regulación de la UMTTSV con el 33 % y un 7% correspondientes a nuevos vehículos, motos y vehículos del estado. Los factores que inciden para que se emita mayor cantidad de CO2a la atmósfera, son principalmente el número de vehículos y las horas de operación vehicular en la zona de estudio. Por otro lado, los factores que contribuyen al incremento vehicular son la ampliación del perímetro urbano y el aumento de la actividad económica de la ciudad. ; This study aims to improve our knowledge concerning the air quality by analysing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions emanating from motor vehicles. The vehicle fleet was characterized by means of surveys, vehicular seating capacity, and collection of information from both public and private entities. After obtaining the information, the CO2emissions in tons per year were estimated for the vehicular fleet in 2017 according to data from the Vehicle Registration Center of Loja-CMVLM, and the Municipal Transport Traffic and Road Safety Unit –UMTTSV and after applying a universal formula developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which uses three main variables: number of vehicles, vehicular activity and emission factor. The results show that in the city of Loja the vehicular fleet emitted 208,920 tons of CO2in 2017. Private transportation with 60% is the one that mainly contributed to the emission of CO2into the atmosphere, followed by public transport under UMTTSV regulation with 33% and 7% corresponded to new vehicles, motorcycles and government vehicles. The main factors that determine vehicle CO2 emissions into the atmosphere are: the number of vehicles and the number of hours of vehicular operation in the area of investigation. On the other hand, vehicular increase is due to: the enlargement of the urban perimeter and activity pertaining to the local economy.