Suchergebnisse

Among natural freshwater pollutants, cyanotoxins, mycotoxins, and phytotoxins are the most important and less studied. Their identification in surface water is challenging especially cause of the lack of standards and established analytical parameters. Most target methods focus one or a single group of compounds with similar characteristics. Here we present an AIF fast method for the tentative identification of natural toxins in water. Respect to the previous method [1], it offers higher performances for the acquisition of unknown compounds at low levels for higher number of analytes. The key aspects of the method are: • The qualitative screening DIA-AIF workflow using Q Exactive Orbitrap. Both targeted and suspect screening bases have been combined with online databases and suspect list to retrieve candidates as suspect natural toxins and their metabolites or degradation products. • The in-silico analysis of mass spectrums allowed a fast structural characterization. • The workflow has been finally applied to real samples coming from the Czech Republic, Italy, and Spain allowing the determination of 17 suspect natural toxins, 4 of them confirmed. None toxin passed the limit of 1 µg/L taken from the legislation applied for microcystin LR and arbitrarily extended to all toxins. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 722493 (NaToxAq); and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Group "2017 SGR 1404 - Water and Soil Quality Unit"). We also want to thank the Recetox colleagues Petra Laboha, Eliska Sychrova and Barbara Kubíčková for the sampling, logistics and supply of the water samples from Czech Republic. ; Peer reviewed

AbstractPayments for Ecosystem Services (PES) represent a revolutionary conservation paradigm aimed at providing a sustainable financing for conservation, assuring the continued supply of ecosystem services (ES) for different beneficiaries while having the opportunity to improve sustainable livelihoods of rural communities providing these services. Whereas PES schemes are increasingly being developed all over the world, Peru has created a national legislative framework to operationalize them, called Rewarding Mechanisms for Ecosystem Services (MRSE), with an especial development on Hydrological Ecosystem Services (MRSEH) to sustain good quality and quantity of drinking potable water for urban areas. However, a lack of coordination, miscommunications, and unintegrated decision making process among the wide variety of stakeholders involved, especially urban (downstream water users) and rural stakeholders (ES upstream providers) has caused several challenges for the government to be implemented. This paper proposes an innovative methodology tool aimed to overcome these challenges, based on an in‐depth bottom‐up stakeholder analysis able to identify and understand those problems, and proposes sustainable win‐win upstream–downstream interventions to carry out in the future. A detailed review of the available literature on bottom‐up stakeholder participation methodology and a deep understanding of the MRSEH socio context were completed. We conclude that this methodology has the potential to be applied in any MRSEH of Peru at the design stage and also recommend that more research related with MRSEH stakeholder engagement should be conducted.

Introduction: Psychoactive substance use is a problem that affects schoolchildren from an early age.Objective: To describe the stages of behavior change and their correlation with alcohol, tobacco and drug use in schoolchildren of Bogotá D.C., Colombia.Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in 6 965 schoolchildren from Bogotá D.C. Behavior change was evaluated by self-report using a structured questionnaire based on the precontemplation, contemplation, preparation and action/maintenance stages of the Transtheoretical Model.Results: 58.4% of the participants were women with a mean age of 12.7±2.3 years. Regarding illicit drug use, 6% of schoolchildren were in the precontemplation stage, 44% in contemplation, 30% in preparation and 20% in action/maintenance. With respect to alcohol consumption, 5% were in precontemplation stage, 36% in contemplation, 12% in preparation and 46% in action/maintenance. Smoking showed prevalence of 4% for precontemplation, 33% for contemplation, 12% for preparation and 51% for action/maintenance.Conclusions: The use of psychoactive substances is an increasing issue among schoolchildren. Most interviewees were in the maintenance stage of tobacco and alcohol use, and in the contemplation stage of drug use. Government efforts are required to promote preventive programs in schools. ; Introducción. El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) es una problemática que afecta a estudiantes desde edades tempranas.Objetivo. Describir las etapas de cambio de comportamiento frente al consumo de SPA en escolares de Bogotá D.C., Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal en 6 965 escolares de Bogotá D.C. El cambio de comportamiento se evaluó por autoreporte a través de un cuestionario estructurado a partir del Modelo Transteórico en las etapas de precontemplación, contemplación, preparación y acción/mantenimiento.Resultados. 58.4% fueron mujeres con edad promedio de 12.7±2.3 años. Frente al consumo de drogas alucinógenas, 6% de los escolares se ubicaron en la categoría de precontemplación, 44% en contemplación, 30% en preparación y 20% en acción/mantenimiento. Respecto al consumo de alcohol, 5% se encontraban en precontemplación, 36% en contemplación, 12% en preparación y 46% en acción/mantenimiento. El tabaquismo mostró prevalencias de 4% para precontemplación, 33% para contemplación, 12% para preparación y 51% para acción/mantenimiento.Conclusiones. El consumo de SPA es una problemática que se presenta cada vez con mayor frecuencia en población escolar. La mayoría de entrevistados se ubican en etapa de mantenimiento en el consumo de tabaco y alcohol y en la etapa de contemplación de consumo de drogas alucinógenas. Se requieren esfuerzos gubernamentales que fomenten programas preventivos de consumo de SPA en el ámbito escolar.

The proper functioning of civil society is achieved through the participation of leaders who manage to achieve collective benefits such as the construction of social capital and the making of changes at the local level that arise from the active collaboration of the people of the common, guided by that community leader who is responsible for expressing the opinions of the collective and making decisions for social welfare. Community leadership aims at human development by recognizing and interpreting the needs of society, generating greater self-esteem in its participants, managing and resolving conflicts, using participatory tools in the management of groups, identifying the role of leaders, their styles and characteristics, determining the tasks to be performed in a community, taking advantage of citizen participation as an instrument for the effective impact of people in society. The roles of community leaders are multiple and depend primarily on the work done, which are different and arise from the collective needs of people; are presented in political, economic, social or environmental conservation and improvement activities; for this reason community leaders should seek mechanisms that allow individuals to enjoy their rights and improve their quality of life. ; El buen funcionamiento de la sociedad civil se obtiene mediante la participación de los líderes que logran conseguir beneficios colectivos como la construcción de capital social y la realización de cambios en el nivel local que surgen de la colaboración activa de la gente del común, guiados por ese líder comunitario quien se encarga de expresar las opiniones de la colectividad y tomar decisiones en pro del bienestar social. El liderazgo comunitario tiene como objetivo el desarrollo humano reconociendo e interpretando necesidades de la sociedad, generando mayor autoestima en sus participantes, manejando y solucionando conflictos, usando herramientas participativas en el manejo de grupos, identificando el rol de los líderes, sus estilos y características, determinando las labores a desempeñar en una comunidad, aprovechando la participación ciudadana como instrumento para la incidencia efectiva de las personas en la sociedad. Las funciones de los líderes comunitarios son múltiples y dependen fundamentalmente de las labores realizadas, las cuales son diferentes y surgen de las necesidades colectivas de las personas; se presentan en actividades políticas, económicas, sociales o relacionadas con la preservación y mejoramiento del medio ambiente; por tal motivo los líderes comunitarios deben buscar mecanismos que le permitan a los individuos gozar de sus derechos y mejorar su calidad de vida.

Background Bloom-forming cyanobacteria occur globally in aquatic environments. They produce diverse bioactive metabolites, some of which are known to be toxic. The most studied cyanobacterial toxins are microcystins, anatoxin, and cylindrospermopsin, yet more than 2000 bioactive metabolites have been identified to date. Data on the occurrence of cyanopeptides other than microcystins in surface waters are sparse. Results We used a high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRMS/MS) method to analyse cyanotoxin and cyanopeptide profiles in raw drinking water collected from three freshwater reservoirs in the United Kingdom. A total of 8 cyanopeptides were identified and quantified using reference standards. A further 20 cyanopeptides were identified based on a suspect-screening procedure, with class-equivalent quantification. Samples from Ingbirchworth reservoir showed the highest total cyanopeptide concentrations, reaching 5.8, 61, and 0.8 µg/L in August, September, and October, respectively. Several classes of cyanopeptides were identified with anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptolins, and microcystins dominating in September with 37%, 36%, and 26%, respectively. Samples from Tophill Low reservoir reached 2.4 µg/L in September, but remained below 0.2 µg/L in other months. Samples from Embsay reservoir did not exceed 0.1 µg/L. At Ingbirchworth and Tophill Low, the maximum chlorophyll-a concentrations of 37 µg/L and 22 µg/L, respectively, and cyanobacterial count of 6 × 104 cells/mL were observed at, or a few days after, peak cyanopeptide concentrations. These values exceed the World Health Organization's guideline levels for relatively low probability of adverse health effects, which are defined as 10 µg/L chlorophyll-a and 2 × 104 cells/mL. Conclusions This data is the first to present concentrations of anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptolins, aeruginosins, and microginins, along with microcystins, in U.K. reservoirs. A better understanding of those cyanopeptides that are abundant in drinking water reservoirs can inform future monitoring and studies on abatement efficiency during water treatment. ; This study has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 722493. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
Background
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria occur globally in aquatic environments. They produce diverse bioactive metabolites, some of which are known to be toxic. The most studied cyanobacterial toxins are microcystins, anatoxin, and cylindrospermopsin, yet more than 2000 bioactive metabolites have been identified to date. Data on the occurrence of cyanopeptides other than microcystins in surface waters are sparse.

Results
We used a high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRMS/MS) method to analyse cyanotoxin and cyanopeptide profiles in raw drinking water collected from three freshwater reservoirs in the United Kingdom. A total of 8 cyanopeptides were identified and quantified using reference standards. A further 20 cyanopeptides were identified based on a suspect-screening procedure, with class-equivalent quantification. Samples from Ingbirchworth reservoir showed the highest total cyanopeptide concentrations, reaching 5.8, 61, and 0.8 µg/L in August, September, and October, respectively. Several classes of cyanopeptides were identified with anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptolins, and microcystins dominating in September with 37%, 36%, and 26%, respectively. Samples from Tophill Low reservoir reached 2.4 µg/L in September, but remained below 0.2 µg/L in other months. Samples from Embsay reservoir did not exceed 0.1 µg/L. At Ingbirchworth and Tophill Low, the maximum chlorophyll-a concentrations of 37 µg/L and 22 µg/L, respectively, and cyanobacterial count of 6 × 104 cells/mL were observed at, or a few days after, peak cyanopeptide concentrations. These values exceed the World Health Organization's guideline levels for relatively low probability of adverse health effects, which are defined as 10 µg/L chlorophyll-a and 2 × 104 cells/mL.

Conclusions
This data is the first to present concentrations of anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptolins, aeruginosins, and microginins, along with microcystins, in U.K. reservoirs. A better understanding of those cyanopeptides that are abundant in drinking water reservoirs can inform future monitoring and studies on abatement efficiency during water treatment.

Una vez se dan a conocer al país, por diversos medios, las vicisitudes del texto de la reforma a la justicia que había sido presentado por el Gobierno, se generan múltiples posiciones sobre los alcances, ventajas y desventajas de lo que proponía dicha reforma. Sin embargo, el proyecto avanzó en el Congreso y se suscitaron varios debates sobre la iniciativa legislativa que conllevaron al archivo de la misma y al Gobierno nacional a presentar un muy controvertido escrito de objeciones presidenciales, lo cual condujo a los diferentes sectores del país -jurídico, académico, gubernamental- a una interesante discusión sobre la procedencia de tales objeciones frente a reformas constitucionales, su procedimiento y, en general, a una serie de reflexiones constitucionales y legales, por demás muy pertinentes para la protección e integridad de la Carta Magna. Asimismo, este libro cobra especial vigencia en estos momentos, toda vez que la Corte Constitucional se dispone a revisar la constitucionalidad de la Ley 5 de 1992, la cual reglamenta el funcionamiento del Congreso, en lo referente al tema de las objeciones presidenciales. En ese sentido, esta obra es un aporte de la Universidad del Rosario a este asunto de especial trascendencia e impacto para toda una Nación que se vio avocada a una discusión, al parecer, sin antecedentes.