Suchergebnisse

En el presente trabajo se analiza la influencia de las curvas de Lorenz, el Principio de Transferencias y las relaciones de mayoración entre vectores de renta sobre las medidas de desigualdad. De esta forma, se pasa revista al desarrollo histórico que ha permitido diseñar el conjunto actual de axiomas o propiedades deseables para que una medida de desigualdad se comporte razonablemente. Además, se analiza la problemática de la ordenación en desigualdad de los vectores de renta. Ante la imposibilidad de selección de una única medida de desigualdad, se presenta la construcción de un indicador sintético dinámico construido a partir de una batería de índices simples de desigualdad, compatibles con el criterio de dominación de Lorenz. Finalmente, se incluye como ilustración el estudio de la evolución de la desigualdad y el nivel de vida en los países de la Unión Europea, durante el período 1993-1999. --- This paper focuses both on the foundations of income inequality measures and on their relations with Lorenz curves, the Pigou-Dalton's transfer principle and majorization relations among income vectors. So the historic development of these concepts is surveyed to show how the current broadaccepted set of properties and axioms was generated, in order to define whether an inequality measure has a good perform or not. In doing so, it will be possible to check out when a particular inequality measure performs in a suitable way. Furthermore, an analysis on the problems related to inequality orders and dominance relations among income vectors is included. Because of choosing a unique inequality indicator is highly arguable, the construction of a Lorenz-compatible synthetic dynamic inequality indicator is presented, using an initial set with basic Lorenz-compatible inequality indices as starting point. Finally, as an illustration, an analysis of both inequality and well-being trends in the European Union countries during 1993-1999 is included.

La teoría de conjuntos difusos aporta un marco referencial para medir la pobreza multidimensional, reemplaza la dicotomía de pobre o no pobre por la pertenencia gradual al conjunto de los pobres. El objetivo de la investigación es proponer un método alternativo para la medición de la pobreza multidimensional en Ecuador, se propone la construcción de tres índices de pobreza aplicando la teoría de conjuntos difusos y el enfoque de capacidades. Los principales resultados evidencian que las políticas públicas se deben priorizar hacia políticas de vivienda y educación, y que a nivel regional no existe autocorrelación espacial ni clústeres de pobreza multidimensional.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of Markovian transitions related to the economic convergence among countries. Thus, the paper aims to develop an overview of several classical approaches, including an analysis of fallacies exposed through the literature.Design/methodology/approachThe number of modes in the distribution of the RGDPL for 100 countries in the period from 1986 to 2000 is calculated. Next, the results obtained from the relevant transition matrices are discussed and the existence of twin peaks in the distribution of income is analyzed. Finally, the adequacy of both Markovian and (time) homogeneity hypotheses in connection with the stochastic process that underlies income distribution is studied.FindingsThe results across the period 1986‐2000 show the evolution of countries into convergence clubs, instead of the existence of economic convergence.Originality/valueThe paper discusses two important issues on the convergence hypothesis. First, the discretization process really matters. If quartiles or quintiles are used the ergodic distribution does not show twin peaks because the process shows an equiprobabilistic ergodic (stationary) distribution in the long term. Second, the twin peaks results need a Markov (time) homogeneous chain as a model for the underlying income process, and then Chapman‐Kolmogorov's equation must be satisfied. However, the paper finds empirical evidences of failure in such an argument.

Population statistics show that there was an increase in life expectancy during the last century. However, this fact hides that this increase was not equal for all groups of the population. One of the most problematic cases for measuring this increase is that of the dependent population because of the absence of specific statistics. This paper describes a methodology for calculating life expectancy using multistate models that take into account the diversity of situations considered by Spanish legislation. For this purpose, statistical information contained in the national survey on disability and dependency (EDAD 2008) is used. The results suggest that life expectancies are lower than those of the general population and that they differ according to gender and intensity of suffering from this contingency. The calculations were made considering the legal framework currently existing in Spain. This fact conditions the definition of dependent person and, therefore, the set of individuals, their characteristics, and therefore, their final results.

En este artículo se estudia los cambios experimentados por la distribución personal de la renta en España a lo largo del período 1973-2000 utilizando las estimaciones de los parámetros del modelo de Dagum para el conjunto del Estado y sus diferentes comunidades autónomas. Con este fin, se realiza, en primer lugar, una aproximación teórica a los parámetros del modelo de Dagum que permite obtener una nueva caracterización de cada uno de ellos, en relación con su interpretación económica. Los datos utilizados para el ajuste de las distribuciones de rentas personales proceden de las Encuestas Básicas de Presupuestos Familiares para el periodo y del Panel de Hogares de la Unión Europea.