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SINCE 1985, THE INFLUENTIAL INTERIM COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) HAS MADE FREQUENT NOTE OF THE OPINIONS AND PROPOSALS WHICH ENDEAVORS TO REPRESENT THE INTERESTS OF THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES IN ISSUES OF MONETARY MANAGEMENT AND REFORM-THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL GROUP OF TWENTYFOUR. THIS PAPER PRESENTS SOME OF THE FACTORS WHICH HAVE SHAPED THE STANCE AND PROFILE OF THE GROUP. NEXT, IT BRIEFLY TRACES THE DEVELOPMENTS AT THREE LEVELS WHICH HAVE SHAPED THE EVOLUTION AND THE OPERATION OF THE GROUP. THEN IT DISCUSSES SOME OF THE REFORM PROPOSALS PRESENTED BY THE GROUP.

As the first inclusive study of how women have shaped the modern Indian built environment from the independence struggle until today, this book reveals a history that is largely unknown, not only in the West, but also in India. Educated in the 1930s and 1940s, the very first women architects designed everything from factories to museums in the post-independence period. The generations that followed are now responsible for metro systems, shopping malls, corporate headquarters, and IT campuses for a global India. But they also design schools, cultural centers, religious pilgrimage hotels, and wildlife sanctuaries. Pioneers in conserving historic buildings, these women also sustain and resurrect traditional crafts and materials, empower rural and marginalized communities, and create ecologically sustainable architectures for India. Today, although women make up a majority in India's ever-increasing schools of architecture, it is still not easy for them, like their Western sisters, to find their place in the profession. Recounting the work and lives of Indian women as not only architects, but also builders and clients, opens a new window onto the complexities of feminism, modernism, and design practice in India and beyond. Set in the design centers of Mumbai and Delhi, this book is also one of the first histories of architectural education and practice in two very different cities that are now global centers. The diversity of practices represented here helps us to imagine other ways to create and build apart from "starchitecture." And how these women negotiate tradition and modernity at work and at home is crucial for understanding gender and modern architecture in a more global and less Eurocentric context. In a country where female emancipation was important for narratives of the independence movement and the new nation-state, feminism was, nonetheless, eschewed as divisive and damaging to the nationalist cause. Class, caste, tradition, and family restricted-but also created-opportunities for the very first women architects in India, just as they do now for the growing number of young women professionals today.

Over the past two decades the functions of international economic institutions have greatly expanded to include programs & policies that affect a wider range of people, groups, & organizations than before. Where previously people could hold their national governments to account for such policies, they must now look to international institutions where the decisions are being made. But to whom are these institutions accountable & are they accountable to those whom they directly affect? This paper sets out to answer that question with respect to the IMF, the World Bank, & the WTO. After analyzing the new intrusiveness of the WTO, the IMF, & the World Bank, we explore how the concept of accountability might best be applied to international economic institutions. The paper then outlines the specific ways in which the IMF, World Bank, & WTO have recently bolstered their accountability through enhanced transparency & monitoring. In conclusion, however, the paper argues that in spite of improvements in accountability, the international economic institutions have not gone far enough in reforming their governance structures. There is a remaining imbalance between what they do & their legitimacy as perceived by those they affect. 1 picture, 20 References. Adapted from the source document.

THE AUTHORS EXPLORE THE TWO-WAY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY. THEY DISCUSS HOW AND WHY LIBERALS IGNORE OR DOWNPLAY INEQUALITY AND ARGUE THAT GLOBALIZATION CAN ONLY BE UNDERSTOOD BY INVESTIGATING SUCH FACTORS AS STATE STRENGTH, THE POWER RELATIONS UNDERPINNING INSTITUTIONS, THE SOURCES OF VALUES AND NORMS, THE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY, AND THE POWER POLITICS OF THE SUPPOSED TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACTData for 425 sampling locations in England and Wales, covering the 1987 bathing season, were analysed against a range of six water‐quality standards used by European and North American agencies. The following order of relative stringency was established: EEC guide level > US Environmental Protection Agency† > Toronto†> Canadian Federal† > Modified EEC standard > EEC imperative level†.All European Community (EC) countries, at present abiding by the'imperative'bacteriological standards of the bathing waters Directive, would experience a significant increase in non‐compliance for the faecal coliform parameter if standards were altered from the current EEC imperative criteria to any of the existing alternative beach management standards.

Patients with thin, low-risk melanomas have an excellent long-term prognosis and higher quality of life than those who are diagnosed at later stages. From an economic standpoint, treatment of early stage melanoma consumes a fraction of the health care resources needed to treat advanced disease. Consequently, early diagnosis of melanoma is in the best interest of patients, payers, and health care systems. This review describes strategies to ensure that patients receive an early diagnosis through interventions ranging from better utilization of primary care clinics, to in vivo diagnostic technologies, to new "apps" available in the market. Strategies for screening those at high risk due to age, male sex, skin type, nevi, genetic mutations, or family history are discussed. Despite progress in identifying those at high risk for melanoma, there remains a lack of general consensus worldwide for best screening practices. Strategies to ensure early diagnosis of recurrent disease in those with a prior melanoma diagnosis are also reviewed. Variations in recurrence surveillance practices by type of provider and country are featured, with evidence demonstrating that various imaging studies, including ultrasound, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, provide only minimal gains in life expectancy, even for those with more advanced (stage III) disease. Because the majority of melanomas are attributable to ultraviolet radiation in the form of sunlight, primary prevention strategies, including sunscreen use and behavioral interventions, are reviewed. Recent international government regulation of tanning beds is described, as well as issues surrounding the continued use artificial ultraviolet sources among youth. Health care stakeholder strategies to minimize UV exposure are summarized. The recommendations encompass both specific behaviors and broad intervention targets (eg, individuals, social spheres, organizations, celebrities, governments).