Defence date: 24 January 2000 ; Examining board: Prof. Christian Joppke ; Prof. João Ferreira de Almeida ; Prof. Klaus Eder ; Prof. Maria Kousis ; First made available online on 31 October 2014. ; The fact that most of the European research on «new» social movements has come from more advanced capitalist democracies of Northern Europe -- Germany, in particular -- does not necessarily prove that «new» movements have been either quantitatively or qualitatively more important than in Southern European countries. This could simply be due to the fact that Southern researchers were too occupied with their own countries' regional problems and party systems. This problem was initially raised by Klandermans and Tarrow (1988: 16-7) as a challenging point to one of the most basic assumptions of the European Tradition of «New» Social Movement Studies, which stresses a causal link between advanced industrialism and «new» social movements.
AbstractOn the basis of a study carried out in a village in the interior of rural Portugal, this article attempts to distinguish the elements of a peasant strategy of emigration centred upon the development and expansion of the family agricultural holding through earnings obtained from work in France, which has as its medium term aim return to the rural community.Priority is given to the observation of the social practices of actors in the emigration process, through the reconstitution of individual and family trajectories of returnees, or those in the process of doing so. The impact of their social and economic investment in the rural community is also considered. We conclude that emigration with return is directed towards the remodelling of local structures. Recourse is had to specific forms of relation with work abroad, amongst which the departure of the household head alone and seasonality in the final phase of emigration are distinguished. The practice of pluri‐activity based on two quite distinct and distant socio‐geographical contexts, makes viable a rural area which would otherwise have long been compromised through the process of social and demographic bleeding to which it was subjected.RésuméSur base ?une recherche menée dans un village de ľintérieur du Portugal, cet article tente de mettre à jour des éléments ?une stratégic paysanne ?émigration, stratégic qui serait centrée sur le développement et ľextension de ľexploitation agricole familiale, gràce aux revenus du travail en France, celui‐ci étant perçu comme devant, à moyen terme, conduire à un retour à la communauté?origine. On a reconstituteé les trajectoires familiales et individuelles ?émi‐grés qui sont revenus ou qui sont sur le point de le faire, ce qui permet de décrire les pratiques sociales des acteurs dans le processus ?émigration.On étudie aussi ľimpact économique et social sur la communauté villageoise. Ľémigration avec retour tend à remodeler les structures sociales locales: parmi les formes particuliè‐res de relation au travail àľétranger, il y a notamment le départ du seul chef de famille, et les migrations saisonnières, surtout en phase finale. Et la pluri‐activité, basée sur deux contextes socio‐géographiques très different? et très éloignés, est ce qui permet de maintenir la viabilityé?une région rurale qui, sans cela, aurait ét profondement affectée par ľhémorragie sociale et démographique qu'elle a subie.KurzfassungGestützt auf eine Studie in einem Dorf im Innern Portugals versucht dieser Beitrag die Elemente einer bäuerlichen Auswanderungsstrategie zu charakterisieren, die darauf abzielt, mit Hilfe des Einkommens aus einer Erwerbstätigkeit in Frankreich, wobei mittelfristig die Rückkehr in die ländliche Gemeinde angestrebt wird, den bäuerlichen Familienbetrieb zu entwickeln und aufzustocken.Das Hauptaugenmerk ist auf die Beobachtung des sozialen Verhaltens im Rahmen des Auswanderungsprozesses gerichtet, indem die individuellen und familiären Verläufe der Rückwanderung oder jener, die im Begriff sind diese vorzunehmen, rekonstruiert werden. Es wird auch die Bedeutung ihrer sozialen und ökonomischen Investitionen in der ländli‐chen Gemeinde untersucht. Schlußfolgerung ist, daß Auswanderung mit Rückkehr auf die Wiederherstellung örtlicher sozialer Strukturen gerichtet ist. Es werden hinsichtlich der Beziehungen zur Arbeit im Ausland einzelne Formen gebildet, wobei die Auswanderung des Haushaltsvorstandes alleine und saisonale Wanderungen in der Endphase des Emigra‐tionsprozesses unterschieden werden. Die Praxis der Pluriaktivität in zwei völlig unter‐schiedlichen und von einander entfernten sozialen Kontexten erhält ein ländliches Gebiet lebensfähig, das sonst längst gefährdet wäre durch einen Prozess der sozialen und demogra‐phischen Ausblutung, dem es unterworfen ist.
The aim of this study was to identify, characterise, collect and systematise data on initiatives of environmental education in Portugal. Currently, there is no integrated governmental program on environmental education in this country, but only unrelated voluntary initiatives. Although surveys indicated a growing concern by young people on environmental issues, systematic studying on the issue was lacking. The field seemed to be characterised by wide diversity and disperse voluntary action by non-governmental agents and self-mobilised teachers. In the context of the Decade Dedicated to Education for Sustainable Development of UNESCO, governmental and non-governmental organisations dedicated to the environment now have a new opportunity to enhance and coordinate contributions to make environmental issues a priority for the next generation.
Environmental education (EE) emerged in Portugal as an organized field of collective action about 30 years ago. At this time of the return to democracy, major social and environmental changes had begun to occur. Yet, after 30 years of EE, together with significant improvements in the education system and curricula, the real impacts of these mostly voluntary and aggressive efforts aimed at preparing future citizens to deal effectively and sensitively with environmental problem solving are not yet evident. The pathways and social context of these efforts aimed at upgrading EE in Portugal, and their apparent failure to meet their objectives, form the basis of the analysis in this paper. The authors examine the results of a survey questionnaire sent to 15,000 public and private schools all running projects formally associated with both EE and education for sustainable development (ESD). The primary purpose of the analysis was to identify the trends, constraints, and potentials for these EE/ESD projects and initiatives within primary and secondary schools. In addition, perspectives as to the emerging trends in ESD in Portugal are discussed, bearing in mind the shifting educational context.
