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Ethn Dis. 2018;28(Suppl 2):285-286; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S2.285.

Cover page -- Halftitle page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- Introduction -- CHAPTER 1 Taxonomy -- CHAPTER 2 Resources Devoted to Science and Technology -- CHAPTER 3 Individual Inventors and Patents -- CHAPTER 4 Research and Development Expenditure in Manufacturing Industry -- CHAPTER 5 Research and Development in the Firm -- CHAPTER 6 Innovation -- CHAPTER 7 The Diffusion of Innovations -- CHAPTER 8 The Public Sector -- CHAPTER 9 Some International Questions -- CHAPTER 10 The Effects of Technological Change -- CHAPTER 11 Technology and Growth -- Epilogue -- INDEX

<p>It is a time-honored tradition in medicine and public health to recognize and honor individuals and teams for their original discoveries in basic, clinical, and population science research or for a sustained commitment to patient care and teaching. In following that tradition, <em>Ethnicity &amp; Disease</em> pays special tribute to Elijah B. Saunders, MD, FACC, FACP, FAHA, FASH for his life-long commitment to patient care, teaching, community service, and most importantly, for his tireless efforts in taking many first steps to advance health equity for medically underserved communities in the United States and worldwide.¹^,² </p>

<em>Ethn Dis.</em> 2018;28(1):1-2; doi:10.18865/ed.28.1.1.

<p>Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and a high rate of premature CV morbidity and mortality. The confluence of CV risk factors, in the context of cardio-metabolic perturbations that vary as renal function declines, complicates strategies for the care of patients with CKD. Understanding the ex­isting evidence for effective CVD treatment strategies can help providers better care for these patients, navigate the complex treat­ment guidelines, which often differ across major organizations, and minimize the con­flicting recommendations that new studies may pose. A pragmatic approach is to target a BP &lt;140/90 mm Hg, which frequently requires more than two or three antihyper­tensive agents. Most guidelines recommend a combination of diuretic and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers, along with a dihydropyri­dine calcium channel blocker, beta blocker or other agent based on co-existing medical conditions. Consideration for a lower BP goal and/or other therapeutic interventions should be based on the etiology of CKD, stage of CKD, and/or presence of protein­uria. Finally, most patients with CKD, not on dialysis, would benefit from treatment with statins and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions should be promoted for all pa­tients with CKD. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2015;25(4):515- 520; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.515</p>

This paper draws together findings from a recent program of research to estimate the social rate of return to apprenticeship training and how the costs of training are distributed. It is estimated that 53 per cent of the costs of training an apprentice are borne by the employer, 28 per cent by the public sector and 19 per cent by the apprentice. This is in sharp contrast to the prediction of economic theory that trainees pay for general training. The social rate of return to male apprenticeships is estimated to be 12.8 per cent. This is in line with previous estimates of the social rate of return to university degrees and supports the case for policy measures to increase the level of apprenticeship training. Reforms taking place under the New Apprenticeships Systems are intended to shift the distribution of costs in line with that predicted by theory by placing a greater cost burden on apprentices for general training and increasing the specificity of training. If employers' willingness to offer apprenticeships has been a constraint, then these changes should stimulate apprenticeship training.

Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):433-436; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.433

AbstractThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) made a sizeable investment in developing a scientific approach to understanding how to best increase diversity in the NIH‐funded workforce by fostering inclusive excellence at a national scale through the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC). This chapter provides an overview of the context in which the consortium‐wide evaluation study has taken place to provide readers with an understanding of its level of complexity. This evaluation effort is the first large‐scale, national, systemic, longitudinal evaluation of harmonized interventions focused on undergraduate biomedical research training programs in the history of the NIH and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.