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Historically, there has been close cultural interaction between Russia and China, which was largely influenced by Russian literature. Russian classics translations in China occupy a special place, and it is generally recognized that many Russian writers have had and continue to have an impact on the attitude of Chinese society towards Russia. Creativity I.S. Turgenev shaped the worldview of more than one generation of Russians, and with the advent of translations of his works into Chinese, it continued its influence on Chinese society. Interest in the prose of I. S. Turgenev in China has been going on for decades, but today there is an intensification of research into his work. The article reveals the influence of China's political course on the literary process in the country, traces the line of historical development of attention to Russian literature and, in particular, the attention of Chinese translators to the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter".

The popularity of «Prose Poems» (1878–1882) by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev dates back more than a hundred years, while they remain the very first works of the writer, translated into Chinese. The study of Turgenev has gained particular relevance in China. This article discusses the understudied issue of the influence of the Turgenev's prose poem «Threshold» on Chinese literature through the example of the work of the classics of Chinese literature of the first half of the 20th century, such as Lu Xin (1881–1936), the father of the modern Chinese novel, Li Ni (1913–1968), the singer of «sorrow and grief», and Lu Li (1908–1942), one of the founders of the new Chinese lyrical prose. Using the comparative method, the article analyses the artistic features of the following prose poems: «The Traveler» by Lu Xin, «The Falcon Song» by Li Ni, and «The Door and the Recluse» by Lu Li. The author reveals the significant influence that the philosophical ideas of Turgenev and his creative style had on these writers and Chinese literature in general. The comparative analysis shows that in the poems of Lu Sin and Li Ni, the spatial characteristics of Turgenev's prose poem «The Threshold» are recreated, while Lu Li was inspired by the philosophical meaning of this work of art. In this way, opening a new page for Russian literary scholars in the history of the relationship between Russian and Chinese cultures, the research topic and the analysis done reveal new material for Russian literary studies about on the history of the reception of Turgenev's creative work in China.

ObjectiveWe examine how the working conditions in charter schools managed by management organizations (MOs) compare to those that teachers experience in stand‐alone charter schools. We consider differences in the degree of autonomy within the schools, professional development, levels of administrative support, support from teachers and parents, and teachers' work hours and levels of compensation.MethodsOur data come from the 2011–2012 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS). We estimate multilevel models using the hierarchical linear modeling software, while controlling for the composition of the teachers and school context.ResultsWe find that teachers in charter schools managed by education MOs have lower levels of autonomy than teachers in other charter schools. They also receive lower levels of compensation than other charter school teachers.ConclusionFor‐profit MOs appear to constrain the charter schools that they manage, limiting the ability of teachers to determine how students are taught within their classrooms.

The theory of organizational justice has been supported by numerous empirical studies in the private sector. Although public administration scholars have investigated the fairness issue in pay and promotions, the main focus was confined to specific groups such as females and racial minorities. This research seeks to fill the gap by providing some generalizable findings. We investigate the justice issue by considering both individual- and organizational-level factors. By employing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the research examines whether the three dimensions of organizational justice—distributive, procedural, and informational justice—and several organizational-level factors affect four outcomes, including expectancy for career development, employee satisfaction, loyalty to senior leadership, and cooperation. The analysis confirms that the three dimensions of organizational justice are substantially associated with those employee attitudes, although organizational-level factors have little impact on them.