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The ideas of laymen about media effects have always played a role in approaches of communication science. The work develops a comprehensive theoretical concept of lay theories which is put in relation to third-person perception research. A first study based on qualitative focus interviews identifies a relevant set of theories laymen have about media effects. Using a quantitative survey, a second study tests the interplay with third-person perception and its predictors. The work thus offers communication researchers both a starting point for further exploration of lay theories as well as an extension of the existing research perspective to third-person perception research

The ideas of laymen about media effects have always played a role in approaches of communication science. The work develops a comprehensive theoretical concept of lay theories which is put in relation to third-person perception research. A first study based on qualitative focus interviews identifies a relevant set of theories laymen have about media effects. Using a quantitative survey, a second study tests the interplay with third-person perception and its predictors. The work thus offers communication researchers both a starting point for further exploration of lay theories as well as an extension of the existing research perspective to third-person perception research

Journalistic co-orientation is defined as journalists' use of other media with the function of ensuring legitimate news decisions or enhancing journalistic prestige, as well as promoting economic success under conditions of uncertainty. Among the different forms of co-orientation, the effect of the routine use of quality media as a source of orientation in news selections is analyzed. Data from a content analysis was used, covering the period of one year. In a time series analysis based on both linear models and neural networks, the news value conferred to a political issue by one of the two national German newspapers included in the study was shown to have an effect on the intensity of coverage by one of the two regional newspapers under consideration. There is a similar tendency for the evaluation of the issue. In particular, a non-linear component can be found in the relationship between the different newspapers' coverage.

This thematic issue discusses risks, opportunities, and challenges of digital child- and adulthood based on different theoretical and methodological perspectives. It focuses on three topics: First, the challenges children and adolescents face in developing skills for dealing with promotional content are highlighted. Second, several contributions discuss the actions of parents and instructors and their function as role models for children and adolescents. They outline the tension between the consequences of intensive media use by children and adolescents and a responsible approach to digital media as often demanded by parents and teachers. Finally, the last contribution gives an insight into how the political socialization of adolescents can manifest itself in the digital space. The multi-methodological, multi-perspective, and multi-theoretical contributions of this thematic issue illustrate the intergenerational relevance of digital child- and adulthood.

In an experimental study ( n = 213), we vary the incivility of a user comment below a mock news post on the Facebook page of a German news outlet. We investigate determinants of the users' intention to engage in corrective actions and their support for restrictions by Facebook and law enforcement. We test an integrated model and find that incivility of a comment affects users' support for restrictive and intention for corrective actions, whereas the presumed influence of the comment does not have an effect. The users' commitment to free speech decreases and paternalism increases their support for authoritative restrictions.

Die kindliche Erlebniswelt hat sich im Laufe des letzten Jahrhunderts massiv gewandelt. Immer stärker greifen staatliche Institutionen wie Schule und Kindergärten in das Leben der Kinder ein und ersetzen vormals elterliche Pflichten. Doch was passiert, wenn die Institutionen diese Aufgaben nicht mehr erfüllen können, wie es im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie der Fall war? Unter Hinzunahme von aktuellen Studien gehen die Autor*innen den Effekten der Rücklagerung von Betreuung in die Hände der Eltern und der neuen Form von Homeschooling sowie der Einsamkeit in der sozialen Isolation auf die kindliche Erfahrung nach.

The extensive research literature on media literacy is reflected by diverse theoretical conceptions, assumptions, and conclusions. Nevertheless, the considerations of numerous scholars in this «patchwork of ideas» (Potter 2010, 676) revolve around the importance of critical thinking and the interplay of different generations in the acquisition of media literacy.Many scholars argue that critical thinking is a key qualification for the reflection of possible risks and a media use oriented towards opportunities. The ability to use media critically is directly linked to democratic-theoretical considerations, where information (Buckingham 2007), knowledge (Potter 2010), and analytical skills (Koltay 2011) are defined as components of media literacy. Information and knowledge are necessary for gaining access to media offerings, to analyze and evaluate them, and to create own media content (e.g., a profile on social networking sites like Instagram; Livingstone and Helsper 2010). Definitions of media literacy are usually based on the ability to access media and on media knowledge as expertise. These skills are considered fundamental for a reflective and (self-)critical use of media (self-competence), and to pass one's own knowledge and abilities to others (social competence). However, previous research (e.g., Livingstone 2014) has also shown that deficits in media literacy lie less in knowledge, but rather in subsequent actions and thus in the transformation of knowledge into action. Knowledge does not automatically lead to a critical use of media or to a change in behavior (Martens 2010; Riesmeyer, Pfaff-Rüdiger and Kümpel 2012; 2016). It is, therefore, not enough to only focus on knowledge, but respective actions must be considered as well when investigating media literacy and its mediation.

Den Umgang mit digitalen Medien lernen Kinder im Grund- und Vorschulalter im Wesentlichen in der Familie, wo sie bereits in sehr frühem Alter damit konfrontiert werden. Für Deutschland gibt es aktuell nur wenig bevölkerungsrepräsentative Forschung, aus der sich systematische Erkenntnisse dazu ableiten lassen, in welchem Umfang digitale Technologien in Familien genutzt und wie die Kinder in ihrer Medienaneignung begleitet werden. Das Papier nutzt die Daten des DJI-Surveys AID:A 2019 und nimmt die Mediennutzung und -erziehung in Familien mit Kindern unter 12 Jahren in den Blick (N = 1.945 Zwei-Eltern-Familien). Eine latente Profilanalyse führte zu einer 4-Klassen-Typologie familialer Digitalmediennutzung, die sowohl die absoluten Mediennutzungsdauern aller Familienmitglieder, als auch die gemeinsame Mediennutzung als Form medienerzieherischen Handelns berücksichtigt. Die Befunde legen zwei starke Hauptgruppen nahe: Während die Gemeinschaftsorientierte Fernseh-Familie (49,2 %) am häufigsten das Medium Fernsehen nutzt und dies auch am häufigsten zusammen (Eltern und Kinder), werden in Familien mit Solitären Internet-Eltern (36,9 %) stärker andere Medien (Internet, Gaming) und diese seltener gemeinsam genutzt. Ein multinomiales Logit-Modell bringt anschließend die Typologie in einen Zusammenhang mit wesentlichen, soziodemographischen Faktoren. Für die Fachpraxis ergeben sich aus diesen Differenzierungen möglicherweise je unterschiedliche Konfliktlagen und Beratungsbedarfe.

Objective: The aim of the present work is to analyse families' coping with the COVID-19 pandemic depending on available resources by examining the family as a cohesive system. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected families in several ways, with many studies reporting a decreased well-being of children and parents. How families cope with the new situation is dependent on family resources and personal resources. Method: A mixed-method approach combines data from an online survey (N = 11,512) and complementary qualitative interviews. The study was conducted in spring 2020 during the initial COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. The study analyses how familial and individual resources affect the family climate and child well-being. Results: The study uncovered that although structural conditions, processes within the family, and individual ressources, especially the mothers working situation, are relevant for the COVID-19 experience. Family processes are the essential factor for positive family well-being. However, these processes meet their limits if the pre-existing conditions in the families are unfavorable. Nonetheless, children are also capable of developing their coping strategies. Conclusion: Future studies should examine families and their available resources as a whole system and include the children's perspective.