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The paper analyzes the prospects of economic cooperation between Pakistan and Afghanistan, which have so far failed to establish normal trade relations with each other. The main argument of the paper is that Islamabad?s insecurities vis-à-vis New Delhi have overshadowed the prospects of economic cooperation and good neighborly relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan?s "long-term obsession with the quest for strategic depth? against India" compelled the former to increase its influence in Afghanistan by installing a friendly government there with the twin objectives of securing its western borders in order to liquefy nationalist-separatist sentiments in the Pakhtun belt, as well as to counter the growing role and influence of India in Afghanistan. This quest of Pakistan has had negative impact not only on the inter-state relations between the two proximate western neighboring countries, but also on their economic cooperation. Although there are several opportunities available in the form of strengthening South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) by applying regional approach; promoting regional energy projects; and enhancing bilateral trade and transit facilities in the region; the future of Pakistan-Afghanistan economic cooperation depends upon India-Pakistan normalization of relations.

For the last sixty years or so, India-Pakistan relations have marked by both hope and despair. Although several efforts of conflict resolution have been made between the two neighboring countries, the south Asian region is still far away from witnessing long-lasting peace. The long-standing dispute on Kashmir has actually impeded the process of conflict resolution between the two countries. This paper examines the need of conflict resolution between India and Pakistan, particularly on the issue of Kashmir, by looking at the genesis of the dispute, various efforts to resolve the dispute, the nature of the Kashmir dispute and devising a new approach for its resolution. It is argued that over a period of time the nature of the Kashmir dispute has been changed. It is neither a territorial nor a religious dispute between India and Pakistan, but a dispute of the denial of the right of self-determination to the people of Kashmir. After the 9/11 incident, the dynamics of domestic, regional and international politics have changed. Therefore, it is high time that both India and Pakistan adopt a forward looking approach to bridge the trust-deficit and reach a consensus on the resolution of the Kashmir dispute.

This paper discussed about the emergence of the nation-state, its historical background. This research mainly focused on the Renan philosophical concepts about the nation and nation state. According to Renan view, the soul with a common past and experience and the acceptance of its legacy is something which constructs a nation. This research enlightened the study of Pakistan as a nation, apart from Muslim nationalism the moderate political leaders have tried to develop this notion of oneness on the basis of the common struggle to receive this land and the admiration of the struggle by coming generations and accepting and embracing that legacy by new generations. This paper not only studied the Renan political though about nation state but also explained the Geertz concept of Sovereignty, Wimplemann philosophical views about working of state institutions, Kachtan thoughts on ethnicity, division and conflicts of people on the basis of ethnicity, Habermas and Bennett ideas on civil disobedience. It has been analyzed that the future of nation state is shady if it will be left on its own; it is the different things which artificially keep the sense of nation and nation state alive

This paper discussed about the emergence of the nation-state, its historical background. This research mainly focused on the Renan philosophical concepts about the nation and nation state. According to Renan view, the soul with a common past and experience and the acceptance of its legacy is something which constructs a nation. This research enlightened the study of Pakistan as a nation, apart from Muslim nationalism the moderate political leaders have tried to develop this notion of oneness on the basis of the common struggle to receive this land and the admiration of the struggle by coming generations and accepting and embracing that legacy by new generations. This paper not only studied the Renan political though about nation state but also explained the Geertz concept of Sovereignty, Wimplemann philosophical views about working of state institutions, Kachtan thoughts on ethnicity, division and conflicts of people on the basis of ethnicity, Habermas and Bennett ideas on civil disobedience. It has been analyzed that the future of nation state is shady if it will be left on its own; it is the different things which artificially keep the sense of nation and nation state alive.

Intelligent Credit Scoring presents a business-oriented process for the development and implementation of risk prediction scorecards. The credit scorecard is a powerful tool for measuring the risk of individual borrowers, gauging overall risk exposure and developing analytically driven, risk-adjusted strategies for existing customers. In the past 10 years, hundreds of banks worldwide have brought the process of developing credit scoring models in-house, while 'credit scores' have become a frequent topic of conversation in many countries where bureau scores are used broadly. In the United States, the 'FICO' and 'Vantage' scores continue to be discussed by borrowers hoping to get a better deal from the banks. While knowledge of the statistical processes around building credit scorecards is common, the business context and intelligence that allows you to build better, more robust, and ultimately more intelligent, scorecards is not. As the follow-up to Credit Risk Scorecards, this updated second edition includes new detailed examples, new real-world stories, new diagrams, deeper discussion on topics including WOE curves, the latest trends that expand scorecard functionality and new in-depth analyses in every chapter. Expanded coverage includes new chapters on defining infrastructure for in-house credit scoring, validation, governance, and Big Data.--

Using a wide variety of fictional 'real world' scenarios, Sadiq demonstrates the hazards that might be present in a workplace, how to assess risk, how to manage OHSAS 18001 implementation and how to communicate its implementation through all levels of management. Sadiq takes the complex, and often impenetrable, concepts that surround health and safety and presents them with absolute precision and clarity

This volume provides a novel approach to international relations. In the course of fifteen essays, scholars write about how life events brought them to their subject matter. They place their narratives in the larger context of world politics, culture, and history.This book moves the field of International Relations towards greater candidness about how personal narrative influences theoretical articulations. No such volume currently exists in the field of international relations

This volume provides a novel approach to international relations. In the course of fifteen essays, scholars write about how life events brought them to their subject matter. They place their narratives in the larger context of world politics, culture, and history. This book moves the field of International Relations towards greater candidness about how personal narrative influences theoretical articulations. No such volume currently exists in the field of international relations.

ABSTRACT: Since early years, humans are migrating to ensure their survival or to improve their socio-economic position in society. In Pakistan, internal migration has not been given proper attention in policy making. Consequently, government is facing problems in managing the challenges and opportunities posed by internal migration. The present study attempted to analyse socio-economic factors that play crucial role in a household's decision to migrate internally by using data of Labour Force Survey 2020-21. In the questionnaire of labour force survey, there is a specific section related to migration. The migration is defined as 'households that has moved from one district to another district or to different country', it excludes the migration within district. The logit regression has been used to estimate the model. It has been found that more educated people particularly having professional and technical education tends to migrate. The internal migration increases with age, but after certain level it tends to start declining. It has also concluded that employment in public sector (due to job security or provision of housing facilities) motivate people to internally migrate. People belonging to middle income families are more likely to migrate in comparison to rich or very poor. Study confirms that search of better job opportunities and family compulsions are major factors in internal voluntary migration. However, law and order situations emerge as a significant factor in forced migration. As the internal migration are much higher than international migration so there is need that role of internal migration may be recognised in reducing poverty, employment and socio-economic development. Unfortunately, there exists lack of policy on internal labour flows. Most the labour force is not even registered at migration destinations. It is very crucial to calculate value of domestic remittances. It will be helpful in devising the policy to improve the status of internal migrants by providing them targeted technical and vocational education training so that they can get better job opportunities in destination places.