Suchergebnisse

1. A short history of 'low level' radioactive waste disposal -- 2. A more equitable distribution of responsibility? The low level radioactive waste policy act and the US compact system -- 3. From Central Compact solution to $146-million bad-faith settlement : low level radioactive waste disposal in Nebraska -- 4. From Lone Star solution to Texas Compact : low level radioactive waste disposal in Texas -- 5. "A long way short of having broad community support" : low level radioactive waste disposal in Australia -- 6. Ensuring El Cabril is not a "millstone for future generations" : low level radioactive waste disposal in Spain -- 7. "One of the most contentious and complex policy issues in the history of policy-making" : low level radioactive waste disposal in South Korea -- 8. "Too fast, too comprehensive and too technocratic" : low level radioactive waste disposal in Switzerland.

Defining terrorism and explaining how it occurs remains a contentious issue. This article attempts to generate new understandings on these topics by applying the work of Ehud Sprinzak's delegitimatization model to the Sea Shepherds. Evidence presented in the article suggests that the Sea Shepherd's present level of political violence passed through gradual phases. In this respect, it is possible to suggest that Sprinzak's model has applicability for maritime organizations, as well as terrestrial based groups. However, we also note that on the one hand, it may be possible to argue that in some respects the Sea Shepherds may constitute either a 'blind spot' in the literature on terrorism and political violence, because its actions could in some circumstances be considered activism, militant direct action, piracy, vigilantism, terrorism, or eco-defense, which makes it very difficult to classify. On the other hand, that both the Sea Shepherds and the whalers may both engage in illegal activities, but are not prosecuted, may indicate that states and the international community may have neither the will nor the means to enforce laws against them. Therefore, they may be turning a blind eye to their actions. Throughout the article we maintain that the Sea Shepherds constitute an example of a gray area phenomenon. Despite the ambiguity surrounding their legal status and academic interpretations of their actions, the results of nearly three decades of the organization's activities, including its 2007 campaign to disrupt Japanese Antarctic Whaling, suggest that the Sea Shepherds may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they claim they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so. Adapted from the source document.

"This book seeks to better understand how International Environmental Law regimes evolve. The authors address throughout the major environmental, economic, and political tensions that have both shaped and constrained the evolution of international environmental policy within regimes, and its expression in international legal rule and norm development. Readers will gain an increased understanding of the growing role played by non-state actors in global environmental governance, including environmental non-government organisations, scientists, the United Nations, and corporations. The authors also look ahead to the future of International Environmental Law, evaluating key challenges and decisions that the discipline will face. The text is clear, concise, and accessible. It is ideally suited to students and professionals interested in International Environmental Law, and individuals who are intrigued by this dynamic area of law"--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Forewords -- AMBASSADOR STUART E. EIZENSTAT -- AMBASSADOR THOMAS A. SHANNON JR. -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- AIM OF THE BOOK -- METHODOLOGY ADOPTED -- DEFINING THE ENVIRONMENT -- WHY PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT? -- THE CONCEPTS OF EXPLOITATION, CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING -- STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK -- NOTES -- Chapter 2: Stakeholders in international environmental regimes -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF THE STATE -- THE ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS -- NOTES -- Chapter 3: Antarctic regime and mineral exploitation -- INTRODUCTION -- A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTARCTICA -- ANTARCTICA AND THE SEARCH FOR MINERALS -- BUILDING THE ANTARCTIC REGIME -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AND MINERAL EXPLOITATION -- WHY THE PUSH TO EXPLOIT ANTARCTICA'S MINERALS? -- ENGOS AND ANTARCTIC MINERAL EXPLOITATION -- ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES AND MINERAL EXPLOITATION -- ENGOS DURING THE 1970S -- THE CREATION OF THE WELLINGTON CONVENTION (CRAMRA) -- ENGO RESPONSES TO THE CRAMRA NEGOTIATIONS -- ENGO OPPOSITION TO CRAMRA -- WHY DID CRAMRA FAIL TO BE RATIFIED? -- THE NEGOTIATION OF THE MADRID PROTOCOL -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- Chapter 4: Tropical timber -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE OF TROPICAL FORESTS -- TROPICAL FOREST DEFORESTATION -- CAUSES OF TROPICAL FOREST DEFORESTATION -- BUILDING AN INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER REGIME? -- THE ENGOS AND THE TROPICAL TIMBER REGIME -- THE INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER AGREEMENT -- THE INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION -- THE ENGO RESPONSE TO THE NEW ITTO -- SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT -- SUSTAINABLE LABELLING -- THE ITTO AND THE YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE -- THE 1994 SUCCESSOR AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS -- THE YEAR 2000 REPORT.