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The ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) is a risk-based management process for the planning, management, development, regulation and monitoring of fishing and fishing-related activities. EAF addresses ecological consequences of fishing as well as social, economic and institutional aspects of fisheries sustainability. Adequate legislation and regulatory frameworks are key to successful implementation of the EAF. The continuous review and update of information on legislation and regulatory instruments require the analysis of existing legal frameworks at all levels of governance, to assess whether they remain in force, valid and aligned with international fisheries law standards, including the EAF. The present work was prepared with a view to provide current information on how the EAF is being implemented through national legal frameworks of selected countries in Africa. It revisits a previous legal study prepared by Anniken Skonhoft and published by FAO in 2011. A decade later, based on the scope of that study, the present work provides updated data and contributes to the knowledge on the current global and regional legal frameworks for an EAF, which are vital for EAF implementation purposes. This update also re-analysed certain countries' national legislation and their evolution with respect to capturing the EAF requirements. Ultimately, the present work supports the legal implementation of an EAF for a holistic, integrated and innovative way of managing fisheries that promotes the participation of all relevant stakeholders and the use of best available knowledge for decision making, whilst balancing the human dimensions with the care for the environment, habitats, ecosystems and biodiversity related with fishery resources on which they depend.

The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) endorsed in June 2014 by the member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was a landmark for the recognition, promotion and protection of the subsistence and artisanal small-scale fisheries (SSF) sector in the world. This instrument is part of contemporary International Fisheries Law, integrating management and development of fisheries with a range of other relevant matters such as human rights, gender and climate change, following a human rights-based approach (HRBA) and taking into account the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). In this context and with a view to contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this article provides an analysis of the SSF Guidelines and informs on how its' implementation can be supported by the Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,959/2009, which provides for the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries in Brazil. It is seen that certain issues of the SSF Guidelines are better addressed in other federal legal instruments, which should be read, interpreted and applied in combination with that legislation. This analysis aimed at assisting legal practitioners and policy-makers in the implementation of the SSF Guidelines in Brazil.

Legislating for an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) is complex, due to the holistic nature of EAF involving multiple factors that underpin the social, economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of fisheries sustainability. These factors include ecosystems integration, risks, inter-sectoral collaboration, research, participatory processes, monitoring, control, surveillance, and enforcement, among others. To assess how an EAF is being implemented through national policy and legal frameworks, FAO developed A diagnostic tool for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries through national policy and legal frameworks. The present legal report on the EAF used the diagnostic tool to assess the alignment of selected policy and legal instruments of Ghana with an EAF. This assessment analysed the extent to which 82 EAF legal requirements, which are considered the minimum standards in legislating for an EAF, are reflected in Ghana's policies and legislation relevant to the fisheries sector of the country and other relevant sectors (such as environment, wildlife, ecosystems, and maritime affairs). Based on this preliminary diagnosis, gaps were identified in the assessed instruments, and recommendations were made for improving the implementation of an EAF. This report was elaborated following a participatory approach with the involvement of the national competent authorities of Ghana. Drafted in July 2021, the report was submitted to the national authorities of Ghana in October 2021. The Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development of Ghana and the Fisheries Commission endorsed this EAF Legal Report of Ghana in December 2021.

Legislating for an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) is complex, due to the holistic nature of EAF involving multiple factors that underpin the social, economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of fisheries sustainability. These factors include ecosystems integration, risks, inter-sectoral collaboration, research, participatory processes, monitoring, control, surveillance, and enforcement, among others. To assess how an EAF is being implemented through national policy and legal frameworks, FAO developed A diagnostic tool for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries through national policy and legal frameworks. The present legal report on the EAF used the diagnostic tool to assess the alignment of selected policy and legal instruments of Togo with an EAF. This assessment analysed the extent to which 82 EAF legal requirements, which are considered the minimum standards in legislating for an EAF, are reflected in Togo's policies and legislation relevant to the fisheries sector of the country and other relevant sectors (such as environment, wildlife, ecosystems, and maritime affairs). Based on this preliminary diagnosis, gaps were identified in the assessed instruments, and recommendations were made for improving the implementation of an EAF. This report was elaborated following a participatory approach with the involvement of the national competent authorities of Togo. Drafted in July 2021, the report was submitted to the national authorities of Togo in October 2021. The Ministère de l'économie maritime, de la pêche et de la protection côtière (MEMPPC) [Ministry of Maritime Economy, Fisheries and Coastal Protection] endorsed this EAF Legal Report of Togo in December 2021.

Part I. The Role of Legal Institutions -- Chapter 1. Why the legal perspective? -- Chapter 2. Roles of institutions for the governability of small-scale fisheries -- Part II. The Meta Order Foundation -- Chapter 3. The fundamental rights of small-scale fishers and their communities in international jurisprudence -- Chapter 4. Securing the rights of small-scale fishers and their communities in the context of the Fisheries Management Areas in the Philippines -- Chapter 5. Legal and policy assessment for the implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines in Mexico: A baseline for Blue Justice -- Chapter 6. Human dignity is on the line: Small-scale fisheries, blue growth, and human rights in Lamu, Kenya -- Chapter 7. Legal and policy frameworks in Brazil: Valuing tenure rights, decent work, and gender equality in small-scale fisheries -- Chapter 8. Policy with purpose: The contribution of a legal perspective to define and secure a Small-Scale Fisheries Regime in Canada -- Part III. The Second Order Alignment -- Chapter 9. Policy re-alignment for the implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines in Thailand -- Chapter 10. Legal and policy frameworks of small-scale fisheries in Nepal: A move in the right direction -- Chapter 11. Coastal fisheries governance in the Pacific Islands: The evolution of policy and the progress of management-at-scale -- Chapter 12. Assessing legal and policy frameworks for small-scale fisheries in Bangladesh -- Chapter 13. Legal and policy instruments on rights and provisions on other issues in small-scale fisheries of Nigeria -- Chapter 14. Making sense of the legal policy frameworks governing small-scale fisheries in India -- Part IV. The First Order Reality -- Chapter 15. From Legal Frameworks to Practice: Challenges for Implementing the SSF Guidelines in Argentina -- Chapter 16. Legal and Policy Alignment with the Principles of Just and Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada -- Chapter 17. Where Hasthe 'Minsyuka (Democratization)' Gone? A Thorough Assessment of the New Japanese Fisheries Act from the Perspective of Small-Scale Fisheries Sustainability -- Chapter 18. Legal and Regulatory Framework for Small-Scale Fisheries in Mainland Tanzania: Practical Realities and Opportunities -- Chapter 19. Implementing the SSF Guidelines in Sweden: An Investigation of Law and Policy From EU to Local Level -- Chapter 20. Tonga: Enabling Coastal Communities to Protect Marine Resources and Secure the Livelihoods of Small-Scale Fishers -- Part V. The Pathways Forward -- Chapter 21. Key Lessons and Next Steps for the Implementation of the SSF Guidelines: Making Legislation and Policies Work for Small-Scale Fisheries.

The endorsement of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines) in 2014 created a new 'space' in the international fora, where the protection of rights of small-scale fisheries (SSF) people is promoted, and where indifference, unfairness and injustice within and against SSF are placed under the world's purview. Implementing the SSF Guidelines, however, requires unremitting work by researchers from across disciplines, in collaboration with government authorities, civil society organizations and fishers. It is argued here that the involvement of all relevant expertise, with a focus on legal practitioners and policy-makers, in an engaged and collaborative process, can effectively put the implementation of the SSF Guidelines another step ahead. This paper presents a rapid appraisal approach as a 'step zero' towards the required transdisciplinary work, to evaluate the extent to which existing national laws and policies align with principles and objectives of the SSF Guidelines. The appraisal was conducted in 25 countries, as illustrations of how certain issues outlined in the SSF Guidelines are considered by national laws and policies in different contexts. The results are compared and discussed in terms of governance implications.

Purpose: Growing evidence indicates that a higher sense of purpose in life ( purpose) is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases and mortality. However, epidemiological studies have not evaluated if change in purpose is associated with subsequent health and well-being outcomes. Design: We evaluated if positive change in purpose (between t0; 2006/2008 and t1;2010/2012) was associated with better outcomes on 35 indicators of physical health, health behaviors, and psychosocial well-being (at t2;2014/2016). Sample: We used data from 12,998 participants in the Health and Retirement study—a prospective and nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults aged >50. Analysis: We conducted multiple linear-, logistic-, and generalized linear regressions. Results: Over the 4-year follow-up period, people with the highest (versus lowest) purpose had better subsequent physical health outcomes (e.g., 46% reduced risk of mortality (95% CI [0.44, 0.66])), health behaviors (e.g., 13% reduced risk of sleep problems (95% CI [0.77, 0.99])), and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., higher optimism (β = 0.41, 95% CI [0.35, 0.47]), 43% reduced risk of depression (95% CI [0.46, 0.69]), lower loneliness (β = −0.35, 95% CI [−0.41, −0.29])). Importantly, however, purpose was not associated with other physical health outcomes, health behaviors, and social factors. Conclusion: With further research, these results suggest that sense of purpose might be a valuable target for innovative policy and intervention work aimed at improving health and well-being.