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The book examines women's language as an ideological construct historically created by discourse. The aim is to demonstrate, by delineating a genealogy of Japanese women's language, that, to deconstruct and denaturalize the relationships between gender and any language, and to account for why and how they are related as they are, we must consider history, discourse and ideology. The book analyzes multiple discourse examples spanning the premodern period of the thirteenth century to the immediate post-WWII years, mostly translated into English for the first time, locating them in political, soc

Abstract
This paper aims to demonstrate the ideological workings of translation by analyzing the ways Japanese women's language is employed to translate the speech of women in seven cities worldwide in a Japanese TV documentary series. The analysis finds that the TV production team allocates the features of Japanese women's language differently to the speech of women according to region, drawing boundaries between women in Europe and the Americas, those in Asia and Africa, and Japanese women. The program's practices of translation regiment the femininities of women according to region in terms of formality and politeness by actively expanding the indexicality of features of Japanese women's language away from reticence, politeness, and gentleness, and by restricting the use of these features to co-occurrence with the plain form. The analysis implies that this regimentation of femininities serves to reproduce and reinforce Japanese domestic stereotypes concerning women in distinct regions among Japanese audiences.

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This paper illustrates the powerful role of translation in creating a sociolinguistic style. Through a quantitative survey of Japanese native speakers and a qualitative analysis of translated speech in an imported TV show and its Japanese parody, the study shows that Japanese translation practices have invented and preserved a widely recognised Japanese style associated with non-Japanese men. The study demonstrates that the style is linked with an image of non-Japanese young men characterised by cool informality; that it is marked by the use of linguistic features not commonly used among native speakers; and that it can be used to enregister a negative stereotype of non-Japanese masculinity, which serves to legitimate a polite, formal, Japanese normative masculinity. The findings suggest that translation is a process in which dominant ideologies of the target-language culture can be reinforced through the voices and bodies of nonnatives.

The notion of a unified Japanese national language was an androcentric language ideology created during the period of Japanese nation-state building in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its association with masculinity, however, was accomplished without being explicitly stated, rendering the national language an unmarked, hegemonic ideology for the entire nation. The implicit masculinization of the national language was constructed in the gendered dispositions between language ideologies. Language ideologies in the period were gendered on three levels, "national language" vs. "feminine speech," "schoolboy speech" vs. "schoolgirl speech," and "masculine features" vs. "feminine features," constructing the strong ties among masculinity, national language, and specific linguistic features. The masculine, unmarked status of the "national language" was negatively created by its asymmetrical relationship with ideologies concerning feminine, marked, and marginalized speech styles or linguistics forms. The asymmetrical disposition of gendered language ideologies formed iconic representations of female and male citizens. Standardization often involves both the construction and marginalization of feminine language varieties, which symbolically invent female citizens as the Inside Other, enabling a highly integrated construction of male citizenship.