Suchergebnisse

Wenn man eine neue Bewegung lernen möchte, ist es sehr wichtig, dass man sich des Bewegungssinns bewusst ist, d. h. sich darüber im Klaren zu sein, mit welchem Empfinden man sich bewegt. In der ästhesiologischen Bewegungslehre wird dieses Bewusstsein "Kinästhese" genannt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht davon aus, dass der Orientierungssinn die wichtigste kinästhetische Empfindung darstellt. Dies betrifft Empfindungen wie z. B. "vorn" und "hinten", "rechts" und "links", "oben" und "unten". Der Orientierungssinn bildet die Grundlage für das Konstruieren des kinästhetischen Bewusstseins. Das Gerätturnen, bei dem die Veränderung des Umfelds im Vergleich zu Ballspielen eine geringe Rolle spielt, kann den Schülern im Lernprozess dazu dienen, die Bedeutung des Orientierungssinns zu entdecken und diesen differenzierter auszuprägen. Der Handstand, in dem sich "Oben" und "Unten" des Körpers umkehren, bietet eine besonders zweckmäßige Übung, damit die Struktur des Orientierungssinns in einem erlebten Raum erkannt wird, der sich wiederum von einem mathematisch homogenisierten Raum unterscheidet. Einleitung (gekürzt).

Indiscriminate regional lockdowns aim to prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection by restricting the movement of people; however, this comes with psychological, social, and economic costs. Measures are needed that complement lockdowns and reduce adverse effects. Epidemiological studies, to date, have identified high-risk populations, but not workplaces appropriate for closure. This study was conducted to provide evidence-based measures that used exact and reliable follow-up data of the PCR-positive COVID-19 cases to complement lockdowns. The data are not subjected to selection or follow-up biases, since the Japanese government, by law, must register and follow all the PCR-positive cases until either recovery or death. Direct customer exposure may affect the quantity of viral inoculum received, which, in turn, may affect the risk of the severity of disease at infection. Therefore, the professions of the cases were grouped according to their frequency of direct customer exposure (FDCE) based on subjective observations, which resulted in five workplaces; hospital, school, food service, outdoor service, and indoor office being identified. Analyzing the follow-up data, we obtained precise estimates for the risk of severe disease, defined as intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization or death, for the workplaces adjusted for age, sex, family status, and comorbidity. Major findings are as follows: hospital and school are the lowest risk, food and outdoor services are, despite higher FDCE, safer than indoor office. Unemployed and unclear are the highest risk, despite low FDCE. These results suggest the following workplace-specific measures complementing the lockdown: school should not be closed and indiscriminate closing of food and outdoor service industries should be avoided, since it would be more effective to reinforce their efforts to promote adherence to public health guidelines among students and customers. These actions would also reduce the adverse effects of the lockdown. This study is the ...

Indiscriminate regional lockdowns aim to prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection by restricting the movement of people; however, this comes with psychological, social, and economic costs. Measures are needed that complement lockdowns and reduce adverse effects. Epidemiological studies, to date, have identified high-risk populations, but not workplaces appropriate for closure. This study was conducted to provide evidence-based measures that used exact and reliable follow-up data of the PCR-positive COVID-19 cases to complement lockdowns. The data are not subjected to selection or follow-up biases, since the Japanese government, by law, must register and follow all the PCR-positive cases until either recovery or death. Direct customer exposure may affect the quantity of viral inoculum received, which, in turn, may affect the risk of the severity of disease at infection. Therefore, the professions of the cases were grouped according to their frequency of direct customer exposure (FDCE) based on subjective observations, which resulted in five workplaces; hospital, school, food service, outdoor service, and indoor office being identified. Analyzing the follow-up data, we obtained precise estimates for the risk of severe disease, defined as intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization or death, for the workplaces adjusted for age, sex, family status, and comorbidity. Major findings are as follows: hospital and school are the lowest risk, food and outdoor services are, despite higher FDCE, safer than indoor office. Unemployed and unclear are the highest risk, despite low FDCE. These results suggest the following workplace-specific measures complementing the lockdown: school should not be closed and indiscriminate closing of food and outdoor service industries should be avoided, since it would be more effective to reinforce their efforts to promote adherence to public health guidelines among students and customers. These actions would also reduce the adverse effects of the lockdown. This study is the ...