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PurposeThis article explores in a qualitative manner the motivations of women entrepreneurs who start and run ethnic food businesses in London.Design/methodology/approachOur approach is qualitative and deploys phenomenographical analysis of interview narratives around categories of motivation.FindingsWe find that women ethnic food entrepreneurs are driven by a combination of desire for self-actualisation, identity-maintenance and community considerations. We demonstrate that women ethnic food entrepreneurs often go against the logic of the market, and they do so not because they lack other options, but for reasons that have to do with their (self-)identification as women and professionals, their prerogatives as mothers and daughters, their ethnic heritage, their emplacement in urban and global communities and their need to contribute. Our findings enrich understanding of female-led ethnic food entrepreneurship not as a demanding, overall unproductive undertaking for women with no other options, but as a realm of inspiration, community engagement and female-led innovation.Originality/valueOur main contributions are the qualitative interrogation of perceptions and experiences of identity and difference in urban entrepreneurship from the point of view of our interviewees; providing concrete empirical evidence for it through our sample and proposing an approach to thinking women-led ethnic food entrepreneurship as a vehicle for translating urban superdiversity into social interactions across barriers of difference. We speak to the field of women entrepreneurship studies but specifically to the understudied realm of women-led food entrepreneurship, and to the cross-disciplinary field of (im)migrant entrepreneurship.

Abstract
Through a conceptual framework that combines the English School's focus on primary institutions in international society with the Copenhagen School's theory of securitization and desecuritization, this article studies the Europeanization of national minorities. It thus signals a categorical departure from the dominant norms transfer approach to problems of national minorities in the European Union (EU), an approach that has failed to convincingly account for many minority outcomes of European integration. This is particularly true of the continual attachment of national minorities to the state's security agenda. The article takes Galbreath and McEvoy's (2012) hypothesis that the EU has a unique potential to desecuritize national minorities, and applies it to one candidate (Macedonia) and one new member state (Bulgaria). It assesses flashpoints of minority/majority tensions across several sectors (the judiciary, the police, public administration, political representation, education, and health care). The investigation ascertains negative outcomes—desecuritization—but points to the crisis of confidence in the primary institution of European integration (supranationality) and the ensuing consolidation of nationalism as the dominant institution of pre-EU European society. The article concludes that improved minority/majority relations are a possible consequence of Europeanization rather than a precondition for it.

Accommodating ethnic minorities in post-communist Bulgaria has not been as painful as in other post-communist countries but certainly has had its key moments when conflict has been avoided and the problems related to various aspects of politicized ethnicity have been resolved - or at least approached. The context of Europeanization and the norms framing it have played a crucial role in the process of ethnic accommodation. Adopting policies and attitudes towards ethnic minorities and ethnic minority protection in line with what is perceived as 'Europe' - and the norms of 'Europe' - has aimed at de-politicizing ethnicity and taking it off the agenda of everyday politics in the 'European' way. Successful accommodation of problematic ethnic minorities in Bulgaria has been directly dependent on the success or failure of internalizing European norms. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- Contents -- A European Crisis: Perspectives on Refugees, Europe, and Solidarity -- A Common Commitment: Civil Society and European Solidarity in the 'Refugee Crisis' -- Resisting Euroscepticism and Anti-refugee Populism in Europe: The Portuguese Case -- Bringing Solidarity and Hostility to EU borders: The Calais Camps at the Heart of French-UK Securitization of Immigration Process -- Not Securitizing Migration? Lessons From Spain -- The Refugee Crisis and the Re-imagined Politics of Belonging: Political Discourses on the Western Balkan Route -- The Vanishing European Dream: The Double Crisis of Migration and European (Dis)Integration -- Turkey as a 'Strategic Partner' of the European Union during the Refugee Crisis: The Challenges and Prospects -- The European Union Crisis as a Crisis of Equality -- From Identity to Morality Politics: Croatia's Nation-State-Building During the Crisis -- EU Responses to Refugee Migration: the End of (Security) Community? -- Note on contributors.