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The urban-rural divide has to be bridged and rural areas have to be integrated with the economic processes to ensure equitable and inclusive growth of marginalized sections. Government. and NGOs have to play an important role in enhancing employment opportunities in farm and non-farm enterprises in rural areas, and should provide the necessary expertise to these areas. There are many sectors in which private players can participate to bridge this gap including providing micro finance, contract farming, setting up storage facili-ties for agro¬prod uce.Local folk could also develop heritage sites and tourist spots and encourage the promotion of traditional arts and crafts in joint ventures with rural enterprises. The next revolution that is waiting 'reaping the benefits'. We need to learn about participatory strategies, about organizing and mediating conflicting goals and needs, about technological transfer and social justice.

It is commonly opined that decentralisation through Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) can help in creating greater accountability in the Indian healthcare system. Health decentralisation is specially meant for peoples' participation, increased transparency and a higher degree of accountability to provide comprehensive and quality health services at the grassroots level. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) visualises the provision of decentralised healthcare at the grassroots level. However, this scheme has some lacunas in reaching the needy, especially in the rural parts of India because of an ineffective and non-participatory role of PRIs in decision making. This has been ascribed to a malfunction in creating healthcare awareness and making the procedures complicated and chaotic for the local Panchayats. The article is based on the Indian Council of Medical Research-funded study in the state of Karnataka. It seeks to find out how PRIs are managing the public healthcare system and its success and failure through a qualitative study. The study has shown that some amount of caution is needed in devolving requisite powers to the PRIs within the NRHM. The coordination between Public Health Institute officials and those of PRIs is completely absent and most of the PRI members do not even know about various health schemes.

Culture creates an exclusive prototype of the beliefs and perceptions as to what "health" or "illness" actually means. Health culture is the basis for health-seeking and health-promoting behavior. There are institutional arrangements within which heath behavior occurs and the impacts of socioeconomic, political, and physical background for their specific health beliefs and health institutions counts a lot. Further, this prototype of beliefs mainly influences how symptoms are documented, to what they are accredited, and how they are interpreted and how it also affects how and when modern traditional health services are sought by the people. Cultural differences in the recognition and interpretation of symptoms and in the use of health services are the topic of wealthy literature. This paper is based on the author's fieldwork experiences in different occasions about the various cultural aspects of the rural health-care issues in southern Karnataka, India. The fieldwork was done in certain rural parts of Karnataka, South India, using participant observation and data also synthesized using content analysis technique. It concludes that cultural differences among the rural people seeking health care are related to the social structures and relationships and the quantity of belief/disbelief in concerning traditional or Western medical care system. We found that the impediment in seeking suitable and timely health care were indifferently found among the individuals belonging to the various sociocultural groups characterized by the cultural exceptionality and customary and family authority.

This study is based on the preliminary results obtained from the ongoing evaluation study on JananiSurakshaYojna (JSY) in Karnataka and Undivided Andra Pradesh of south India. Towards achieving the objectives of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), JananiSuraksha Yojana was launched in April 2005 to promote institutional deliveries among the poor population, through provision for cash incentives for institutional delivery, referral, transport, and escort services. This scheme also intends to reduce the infant and maternal mortality rate in the country. A cross-sectional community based survey is being done in Chamarajnager districts (South Karnataka) and Medakdist of Undivided and Andra Pradesh. Through these study socio-demographic factors, antenatal services availed and stake holders opinion have been studied. This study has found that there is a strong requirement to create more awareness among rural population about the utilization of this JSY scheme. Stake holders should also take action for implementation process. Targeting remote areas, SC./ST population, and special measures and encouraging more antenatal visits are more necessary prerequisites to get better impact out of JSY scheme is need of the hou. Study is still going on

The sociology of health and illness has a long history. Over the last 100 years, many concepts, theories, findings have been explored for the better understanding of health behaviour of human being and the role of the society. Majority of the theories and approaches relating to the health and illness have been originally propounded by the Western sociologists only. Even today researchers in developing countries are heavily depending on the Western theories to explain health culture and behaviour of the rural community. In developing countries social class, caste, gender and others play a vital role in accessing suitable healthcare facilities. More than these, the underlying social, political and economic forces are also counting a lot. It is found that sociology of health and illness significantly helps us in better understanding of people's concepts about onset of various diseases and its cure in a cross-cultural framework. This paper gives a solid platform to discuss about changing phenomenon of sociology of medicine India.

Promotion of rural health has become a major agenda of policy makers. Health can be more properly viewed as an index of human adaptation to a micro ecological niche. From this point of view, health management can mean the full visualization of the minimal requirements of clinical–curative inputs in health planning and management. A variety of factors have promoted increasing interest in prevention as a health care practice in the country. Numerous non‐government organizations (NGOs) are working to improve the health quality of rural India. In describing a rural health promotion project, in which a social worker played a key role, this article illustrates how social work practitioners can bring their many skills to bear in efforts to promote health. In this paper an effort has been made to share the experience of an NGO in health related project.

To spread education in case of highly marginalized section of our society has been a colossal task to any Govt. particularly to the tribal people. The strong point of a society lies in the task of education training, development and allocation of its man power resources. It can be said that education plays an imperative complete development of individuality so that one can make an original contribution to human life according to one's best competence. Making primary or elementary education available for all rural Indian children has been one of the major challenges for the all the Government. Furthermore, the quality of elementary education in rural India has also been a major cause of concern for the any Government. This paper draws attention of the readers about the conditions and settings of the rural schools in Karnataka State, South India.

The problem of child labour is symptom of the disease, which is widespread due to exploitative structure, lop-sided development, and inequities in resource ownership with its correlate of large-scale unemployment and abject poverty among the most of third world countries. The existing international economic order perpetuates this harsh reality because powerful multinational corporations operate and use child labour directly or indirectly to maximize profits and minimize costs. Of all the world's Nations, India is the one having the distinction of having the largest number of child labourers. Yet it is internationally recognized that for a viable democracy and strong future an educated citizenry is as important as material development. In this paper author has examined child labour from several different but intersecting vantage points. This paper provides a summary of the research, touching on its goals and questions, methodology, and results. It proceeds to discuss major conclusions that may be drawn from the data. Adapted from the source document.