Background: Sound health is basic right of every individual and access to health care is necessary. The right to use health services (HS) is a multifarious idea. In Pakistan provision of basic health facilities of health are inadequate. Current study was aimed at highlighting the primary reasons behind it. Methods: This study used cross sectional data from Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) to determine the social and economic determinants of health care services in selected districts of province Punjab. Logistic regression technique is used to measure the impact of selected variables on health access. Results: Results of the study showed that the health access services in the district of Faisalabad are greater as compared to the Rawalpindi and Layyah districts. Moreover, people were using private health facilities as compared to government health facilities. Conclusion: The study indicated that the education level, household (HH) head gender, work status, region and place of residence, and economic situation, affect the health access services in selected regions. Measures should be taken to reduce the monopoly of private health sector by providing better government health facilities.
This study weighed the impact of infrastructure on economic growth for the BRICS countries. To pull through this study two different models have been used. For exigency regarding our objectives, data of 36 ranging from 1981 -2016 years has been conjured up for the BRICS countries. The findings of this study have brought forth the theory from the oblivion that transport infrastructure and telecommunication infrastructure brings about positive impact on economic growth as compare to energy infrastructure. Nevertheless the policymakers of BRIC countries ought to have pondered over the policies of physical as well as social infrastructure. This study also promulgates that in these new times where technology leads the way, there is a dire need to put the might of policymakers behind the telecommunication infrastructure as the future will draw opulence in this sector. ; Šiame dokumente buvo įvertintas infrastruktūros poveikis BRICS šalių ekonominim augimui. Taip pat išanalizuoti priežastiniai ryšiai tarp infrastruktūros plėtros ir ekonominio augimo. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo naudojami du skirtingi modeliai bei naudoti 1981–2016 metų duomenys. Analizei atlikti buvo pritaikytas ARDL modelis. Šio tyrimo išvados parodė, kad transporto ir telekomunikacijų infrastruktūra daro teigiamą poveikį ekonomikos augimui, palyginti su energetikos infrastruktūra. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad būtina sukurti politiką, kuri pagerintų fizinę ir socialinę infrastruktūrą. Šiais naujais laikais, kai technologijos rodo pavyzdį, ypatingas dėmesys turėtų būti skiriamas telekomunikacijų infrastruktūrai.
Women in Pakistan are suffering from a great social and economic deprivation due to gender discrimination and inequitable distribution of resources. This paper examines the determinants and extent of women empowerment by their participation in microfinance programs. Data for this study were collected from different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan, where most of the households were poor and had borrowed money from different microfinance institutes. Keeping in view the disguised endogeneity, Endogenous Switching Regression Model was employed which accounts for selection bias because of observable and unobservable factors. The analysis revealed that education level, household size, family system, educational expenditures, income level and the ownership of different assets like sewing machines have the statistically significant impact on the women decision to work and hence promote women empowerment. It is concluded that the government in developing countries should introduce income-generating activities, especially for women by providing them access to financial resources. ; Las mujeres en Pakistán están sufriendo una gran carencia social y económica debido a la discriminación de género y la distribución desigual de los recursos. Este documento examina los determinantes y el alcance del empoderamiento de las mujeres por su participación en los programas de microfinanzas. Los datos para este estudio fueron recolectados de diferentes áreas de Faisalabad, Pakistán, donde la mayoría de los hogares eran pobres y habían tomado dinero prestado de diferentes institutos de microfinanzas. Teniendo en cuenta la endogeneidad disfrazada, se empleó el Modelo de Regresión de Conmutación Endógena que explica el sesgo debido a factores observables y no observables. El análisis reveló que el nivel educativo, el tamaño del hogar, el sistema familiar, los gastos educativos, el nivel de ingresos y la propiedad de diferentes activos, como las máquinas de coser, tienen un impacto estadísticamente significativo en la decisión de las mujeres de trabajar y, por lo tanto, promover el empoderamiento de las mujeres. Se concluye que el gobierno de los países en desarrollo debe introducir actividades generadoras de ingresos, especialmente para las mujeres, proporcionándoles acceso a recursos financieros ; As mulheres no Paquistão sofrem de uma grande privação social e econômica devido à discriminação de gênero e à distribuição desigual de recursos. Este artigo examina os determinantes e a extensão do empoderamento das mulheres pela sua participação em programas de microfinanças. Os dados para este estudo foram coletados em diferentes áreas de Faisalabad, Paquistão, onde a maioria dos domicílios era pobre e tinha tomado dinheiro emprestado de diferentes institutos de microfinanças. Tendo em vista a endogeneidade disfarçada, empregou-se o Modelo de Regressão por Comutação Endógena, que considera o viés de seleção por causa de fatores observáveis e inobserváveis. A análise revelou que o nível de escolaridade, tamanho da família, sistema familiar, gastos com educação, nível de renda e posse de diferentes ativos, como máquinas de costura, têm impacto estatisticamente significativo na decisão das mulheres de trabalhar e, portanto, promovem o empoderamento das mulheres. Conclui-se que o governo dos países em desenvolvimento deve introduzir atividades geradoras de renda, especialmente para as mulheres, proporcionando-lhes acesso a recursos financeiros
Women in Pakistan are suffering from a great social and economic deprivation due to gender discrimination and inequitable distribution of resources. This paper examines the determinants and extent of women empowerment by their participation in microfinance programs. Data for this study were collected from different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan, where most of the households were poor and had borrowed money from different microfinance institutes. Keeping in view the disguised endogeneity, Endogenous Switching Regression Model was employed which accounts for selection bias because of observable and unobservable factors. The analysis revealed that education level, household size, family system, educational expenditures, income level and the ownership of different assets like sewing machines have the statistically significant impact on the women decision to work and hence promote women empowerment. It is concluded that the government in developing countries should introduce income-generating activities, especially for women by providing them access to financial resources.
