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Purpose–The aim of this study is to empirically investigate barriers towards successful strategy formulation and implementation in the public sector strategy of Kuwait. Design/methodology/approach – The article used a questionnaire survey to identify the barriers toward successful strategy formulation and implementation experienced by the public sector organizations. The questionnaires were distributed to 300 public sector employees, from which 200 were valid for analysis. Participants were requested to state the degree of agreement with the items listed in the questionnaire. Regression analysis employed to identify factors impact strategy formulation and implementation. Findings – The study showed that unsuccessful strategies formulation and implementation result from various aspects of government institutions (organization, policies and regulations, human resources and communications). The participants revealed that lack of consensus among decision makers, lack of effective role formulators and lack of choice of real strategy formulators represent major obstacle toward strategies formulation. Incompatible structure with the strategy and insufficient linkage between strategy and goals were the main variables that prevent successful strategies implementation. The regression analysis pointed to policies and regulations, communication and external factors as the most significant determinants of strategy formulation; whereas organizational and communication factors appeared to be the most significant determinant of strategy implementations. Research limitations – Specific governmental departments were targeted by the questionnaire survey employed in this study. This reflect the staff employed in these departments. To obtain a wide picture about strategy implementation, the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance should be surveyed since they are responsible of a significant part of the country's strategic planning. Practical implications– This research offers valuable practical insights of decision maker. it might provide the route map for the firm and develop a good information system that help managers for obtaining the highest quality of knowledge through developing processes, systems and managerial mechanisms.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between audit committee (AC) and a set of other corporate governance mechanisms in one of the emerging economies, United Arab of Emirates (UAE). In particular, the current study examines whether an effective AC can serve as a substitute or as a complement mechanism to board characteristics and ownership structure of Emirati listed non-financial companies. Design/methodology/approach Using substitution and complementary theories, a panel data from 48 nonfinancial companies listed on the UAE Stock Exchanges [Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange and Dubai Financial Market] during the period between 2011 and 2013 were used in the current study. A composite measure of four proxies has been used to measure the AC effectiveness, namely, AC size, independence, financial expertise and diligence. To test the hypotheses formulated for the study, a logistic regression model was used to identify the influence of a set of board characteristics and ownership structure variables on the effectiveness of the AC after controlling for firm size, auditor type, industry type and profitability. Findings While AC effectiveness appeared to be positively associated with board size and board independence, it is negatively associated with CEO duality. This points to a complementary governance relation. On the other hand, the negative relationship between AC effectiveness and each of institutional and government ownership suggests substitutive relations. Research limitations/implications The main shortcoming of the current study is that it examines the influence of a certain set of corporate governance factors on the effectiveness of AC. Other corporate governance mechanisms may, however, contribute to the effectiveness of AC. The findings of the study can be used by companies' managements and regulators in the UAE to improve the corporate governance system. Originality/value To the best of researchers' knowledge, this study provides the first evidence about the interaction among multiple governance mechanisms required by the code of corporate governance issued by the UAE Ministry of Economy in 2009. The current paper is expected to add to the limited AC literature in Middle East and North African countries in general and Arab World in particular

The main objective of the current study is to investigate personal and external factors that might influence women's decisions to become entrepreneurs in Kuwait. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire containing selected variables of women's personal and external factors was distributed to a sample of Kuwaiti women who are mainly studying or have completed their studies at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. The participants in the questionnaire survey were asked to express the level of agreement they assign to various variables that might affect their decisions to become entrepreneurs. Although the result of the analysis of the participants' answers revealed that they attach a certain level of agreement to the external factors effect on their decisions to become entrepreneurs, they attached higher level of agreement to personal factors. The Kuwaiti women who participated in the survey believe that getting involved in developing a self-business will enhance their social position and assist them in making independent decisions. Their interests and hobbies together with availability of business ideas would encourage Kuwaiti women to develop their own businesses. Their involvements in developing self-businesses are motivated by profit, given that they can secure the start-up capital. Finally, the participants revealed that religious bindings, together with family responsibilities, influence their decisions to become entrepreneurs.

The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between corporate performance and corporate governance by companies listed on the Palestinian Stock Exchange. Accounting and market performance measures were used to proxy corporate performance. Corporate governance represented by the board of directors' size, the frequency of the annual meetings of the board, existence or otherwise of an audit committee, institutional investors ownership and foreign ownership. To achieve the objective of the study, all non-financial companies listed on the exchange and published their annual reports during the period between 2010 and 2012 were used. The result of the analysis revealed that corporate performance is negatively associated with corporate governance. This implies that the result is inconsistent with agency theory. This might be due to the fact that corporate governance in Palestine is still at its infancy stage.