Suchergebnisse

Cet article présente la genèse des recherches en Nouvelle Calédonie et annonce les autres articles du dossier spécial de BFT, fruit de collaboration efficace entre organismes de recherche

Cet article présente un nombre de recommandations en matière de politiques pour améliorer la viabilité de l'utilisation des ressources fauniques dans les forêts tropicales, y compris en renforçant l'appropriation nationale de ce problème de manière à générer des bénéfices à long terme aux niveaux local et national. Cet article fait également la promotion d'une participation plus active de la société civile et du secteur privé dans la résolution des problèmes de gouvernance et d'autres aspects de la surexploitation actuelle de la faune; améliorant les droits locaux de propriété; et établissant les liens entre le débat sur la viande de brousse et la réforme sur la propriété et les droits terriens (réforme du régime et des droits fonciers). Au niveau international, les auteurs suggèrent que les relations commerciales entre les pays développés et en voie de développement qui, directement et indirectement, affectent les niveaux de consommation de viande de brousse soient sérieusement reconsidérées et que les efforts mettent un accent plus prononcé sur les motivations positives pour une meilleure gestion des ressources de la faune.

This articlepresents a number of policy recommendations to improve the sustainability of wildlife-based resources use in tropical forests, including by strengthening national ownership of this issue in a way that provides long-term local and national benefits. It also argues in favour of stronger involvement of civil society and the private sector in addressing governance issues and other aspects of current overexploitation of wildlife; enhancing local ownership rights; and establishing links between the bushmeat debate and tenurial and land-rights reform. At the international level, the authors suggest that trade relations between developed and developing countries, which (directly and indirectly) affect bushmeat consumption levels, must be seriously reconsidered, and that efforts should place a stronger emphasis on positive incentives for better managing wildlife resources.

Significant changes in forest management methods — e.g., granting of concessions in state-owned forests, introduction of forest planning, low-impact logging methods — have occurred in the three major tropical forest regions since the 1980s when forest issues became topics of worldwide concern. The main focuses of discussions between the North and the South, between the world of conservation and the world of development, have also shifted as new forms of governance where non-state players are more heavily involved in forestry affairs gained ground. These changes lead some players to oppose new instruments — in particular payment for ecosystem services — to other, currently implemented ones — in particular forest planning. We argue on the contrary that forest policies would derive cumulative benefit from using both tools. ; Dans les trois grands bassins forestiers tropicaux, des évolutions considérables des modes de gestion de la forêt (mise en concession du domaine privé de l'État, percée de l'aménagement forestier, méthodes d'exploitation à faible impact) ont eu lieu depuis les années 1980, lorsque les problématiques forestières sont devenues des sujets de préoccupation mondiale. Les principales lignes de débat, entre le Nord et le Sud, entre le monde de la conservation et celui du développement, se sont également déplacées avec la montée en puissance de nouvelles formes de gouvernance, caractérisées par une plus grande implication des acteurs non étatiques dans les affaires forestières. Alors que ces changements conduisent certains acteurs à opposer de nouveaux instruments — notamment les paiements pour services écosystémiques — à d'autres, actuellement mis en oeuvre — notamment l'aménagement forestier —, nous arguons que les politiques forestières devraient au contraire être basées sur une complémentarité entre ces différents outils.

International audience ; Significant changes in forest management methods — e.g., granting of concessions in state-owned forests, introduction of forest planning, low-impact logging methods — have occurred in the three major tropical forest regions since the 1980s when forest issues became topics of worldwide concern. The main focuses of discussions between the North and the South, between the world of conservation and the world of development, have also shifted as new forms of governance where non-state players are more heavily involved in forestry affairs gained ground. These changes lead some players to oppose new instruments — in particular payment for ecosystem services — to other, currently implemented ones — in particular forest planning. We argue on the contrary that forest policies would derive cumulative benefit from using both tools. ; Dans les trois grands bassins forestiers tropicaux, des évolutions considérables des modes de gestion de la forêt (mise en concession du domaine privé de l'État, percée de l'aménagement forestier, méthodes d'exploitation à faible impact) ont eu lieu depuis les années 1980, lorsque les problématiques forestières sont devenues des sujets de préoccupation mondiale. Les principales lignes de débat, entre le Nord et le Sud, entre le monde de la conservation et celui du développement, se sont également déplacées avec la montée en puissance de nouvelles formes de gouvernance, caractérisées par une plus grande implication des acteurs non étatiques dans les affaires forestières. Alors que ces changements conduisent certains acteurs à opposer de nouveaux instruments — notamment les paiements pour services écosystémiques — à d'autres, actuellement mis en oeuvre — notamment l'aménagement forestier —, nous arguons que les politiques forestières devraient au contraire être basées sur une complémentarité entre ces différents outils.

Alain Karsenty, Robert Nasi — A commentary on the article of E. Niesten and R. Rice : Do the « conservation concessions » toll the bells of sustainable forest management ? Conservation concessions, as advocated by E. Niesten and R. Rice, suggest the paying revenues to populations and the State so that they may renounce income derived from forest exploitation. Apart from the questionable transformation of peasants as renters of conservation, serious questions arise as regards the assessment of financial compensation ; the hypothesis of repurchase of traditional rights through contracts is barely realistic. Similarly, the argumentation with regard to sustainable management or the underlying economic pattern is not fault- free. In the event that environmental concessions do not constitute a global alternative to logging, the conditions of their use as complementary instruments to already existing ones remains to be defined.

There is growing awareness of the need to sustainably manage forests in Central Africa. This paper reviews the current state in Gabon within the national context. Forests play a very important role in Gabon in view of their extensive area as well as their contribution to the national economy. There are three main forest regions: coastal sedimentary basin, North-East, and Central Gabon. Forest utilisation is largely controlled by foreign capital and includes few tree species, mainly Okoumé (75% in 1997), with comparatively low volumes extracted per hectare. Export of Okoumé and Ozigo was until recently a monopoly of SNBG, a state company now experiencing a deep crisis. The timber market is affected by the Asian crisis repercussions. Since the 50s the government, as owner, has tried to sustainably manage the forests. Pilot management schemes were undertaken and all forest concessions are required by law to have management plans. The main problem for the government is its capacity to enforce forest management, and for the concession holders the profitability of their investments. There are internal incentives (better forecast of harvest, rationalisation of forest road network, guarantee of access to managed forests), as well as international incentives, such as pressure for ecocertification and assistance to forest management. At national level the forest law reform will make sustainable management compulsory. Such constraints and incentives are not fully identified, however there is clearly increasing involvement of logging companies: feasibility studies on management of timber concessions, forest management agreements between government and concession holders. The cost of sustainable forest management appears globally acceptable. The success of a forest management policy in Gabon will depend on the capacity of the government to incorporate management as a natural component of forest utilisation, and control implementation.

Most people in forest and rural areas manage trees as part of their livelihood systems. The resulting "domestic" or "rural" forests are distinct from conventional forest. They have historically been overlooked by the forestry sector and impacted by forest policies and regulatory frameworks. These forests presently encounter requalification and valuation dynamics, fueled by a sustainable development ideology, and induced by both public powers and local communities. These dynamics move in two different directions: the naturalization of rural forests by policy makers, and their politization by rural people. We draw on long-term research experiences in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia, and Africa on forests managed by "farmers", among which some are analyzed in the Ecology and Society Feature, Public policies and management of rural forests: lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?. We first elaborate on domestication, analyzed at tree, ecosystems and landscape levels, as a concept allowing for a better understanding of the specific relationships developed between rural people and forests. We then engage in a critical review of how forest-related and sustainable development policies consider rural forests, and discuss how they address (or do not address) their specificity and encourage (or do not encourage) their development.

International audience ; Most people in forest and rural areas manage trees as part of their livelihood systems. The resulting "domestic" or "rural" forests are distinct from conventional forest. They have historically been overlooked by the forestry sector and impacted by forest policies and regulatory frameworks. These forests presently encounter requalification and valuation dynamics, fueled by a sustainable development ideology, and induced by both public powers and local communities. These dynamics move in two different directions: the naturalization of rural forests by policy makers, and their politization by rural people. We draw on long-term research experiences in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia, and Africa on forests managed by "farmers", among which some are analyzed in the Ecology and Society Feature, Public policies and management of rural forests: lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?. We first elaborate on domestication, analyzed at tree, ecosystems and landscape levels, as a concept allowing for a better understanding of the specific relationships developed between rural people and forests. We then engage in a critical review of how forest-related and sustainable development policies consider rural forests, and discuss how they address (or do not address) their specificity and encourage (or do not encourage) their development.

Most people in forest and rural areas manage trees as part of their livelihood systems. The resulting "domestic" or "rural" forests are distinct from conventional forest. They have historically been overlooked by the forestry sector and impacted by forest policies and regulatory frameworks. These forests presently encounter requalification and valuation dynamics, fueled by a sustainable development ideology, and induced by both public powers and local communities. These dynamics move in two different directions: the naturalization of rural forests by policy makers, and their politization by rural people. We draw on long-term research experiences in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia, and Africa on forests managed by "farmers", among which some are analyzed in the Ecology and Society Feature, Public policies and management of rural forests: lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?. We first elaborate on domestication, analyzed at tree, ecosystems and landscape levels, as a concept allowing for a better understanding of the specific relationships developed between rural people and forests. We then engage in a critical review of how forest-related and sustainable development policies consider rural forests, and discuss how they address (or do not address) their specificity and encourage (or do not encourage) their development.

As of mid-2008, 63 of the 101 available forest management units (FMUs) in Cameroon were managed according to approved management plans, and seven FMUs had received a FSC certification. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of the volumetric and financial variations incurred by logging companies and by the government when adopting both the management plans and the FSC regulations. The full adoption of sustainable, or at least precautionary, values into approved management plans could reduce available volumes of the most harvested species by 17%, while foregone revenues for the State could amount to about 18%. The financial losses incurred by both the State and logging companies by fully adopting improved forest management in Cameroon should deserve more attention, if viable alternative options are to be found and resistance to reform diminished.