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PurposeThe traditional concept of people's participation through their representatives is changing to the mechanism of direct participation of community people in the local governing process. In coupling with these, the Constitution of Bangladesh and the local government acts guarantee to foster the direct participation of people in the formation of local bodies and development programs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the avenues of people's participation in local government, particularly the Union Parishad (UP) in Bangladesh, and to evaluate the empowerment of marginalized community through those avenues.Design/methodology/approachUsing a broad descriptive and analytical approach, this paper evaluates the relationship between participation and empowerment of local community based on the review of secondary sources of information.FindingsThe local government institutions, particularly UP, has existed many mechanisms through which people participate in decision-making process. It is also believed that participation of community people in local government institutions is not only an opportunity for them but also an apparatus of empowerment. Hence, the process of empowerment is entrenched in the notion of participation. It is evident that the people at grass root level have been participating in UP in diverse arrangements, but the effectiveness of these participations in terms of empowerment is still meager and even lack.Originality/valueThough a long time has passed after introducing these participatory mechanisms, very few studies have undertaken to assess the people's participation in local government. Additionally, no single initiative was undertaken to assess how empowerment of marginalized people happened through these initiatives as empowering community people is the key objective of it.

Indigeneity, a concept and construct, is increasingly gaining currency in academia, in the political sphere, and in public debates. Indigeneity as an active political force with international support has become a resource in identity politics. This article focuses on the dynamics of how the transnational idea of indigeneity has been nationally installed and locally translated within the context of the ethnohistory of an Indigenous movement that stemmed from local–societal relations with the state. The idea of indigeneity is seen as both local and global because it is globally circulated but locally articulated as well as globally charged but locally framed. Focusing on the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in the borderlands of South and Southeast Asia and home to 11 Indigenous groups in Bangladesh, the article argues that the local translation of global indigeneity is necessary for ensuring the rights and entitlements of Indigenous Peoples. (J Southeast Asian Stud/GIGA)

This article analyses the formation of an ethnic category and its relations with the marginalisation of ethnic minorities in the context of upland–lowland relations in Bangladesh. Three central concerns are highlighted. First, it examines the political and historical trajectories of the South Asian subcontinent which has laid down various identities for groups of people such as the Pahari living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh. Second, it critically discusses how colonial policy has continued in the postcolonial era, particularly in dealing with people of different cultures living in the same state's territory. Finally, the article argues that identity formation is closely linked with the politics of marginality, with particular reference to the Pahari people of the CHT. The article is based on comprehensive data collected through ethnographic fieldwork undertaken at different times from 1997 onwards.

This article aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance through board size, female directors, family duality and director ownership on firm's profitability in Bangladesh. It's a quantitative study on 110 manufacturing firms listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange. Multivariate pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regressions are applied on 512 sample-year observations from the year 2013 to 2017 to test the hypotheses in the study. On one side, the results reveal that larger board size and female directors on board are positively associated with firm's profitability, which in turns helps to enhance firm's profitability. On the other side, it is also found in the results that percentage of shares held by the directors and family duality are negatively related to firm's profitability and thus reduces firm performance. The outcomes of this study advocate the policymakers to formulate a policy by addressing the percentage of shares held by the directors to be kept at a certain level.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to find the rate of intergenerational transmission of human capital and comparative schooling attainment between lower and higher income families using the labor force survey in Thailand.


Design/methodology/approach
Instrumental variable (IV) approach has been used in this paper. The author proposed an alternative instrument for parental education to identify the rate of transmission, which is the parents' cohorts' mean schooling in their respective provinces.


Findings
This paper found that the rate of transmission of human capital from father is higher than that from mother in Thailand. For both, the rate of transmission in Thailand is higher than that in the developed countries. In addition, it is found that children from lower income families are getting lesser education than those from higher income families in Thailand.


Research limitations/implications
This paper is used as an alternative instrument that could solve the endogeneity problem in the literature of intergenerational transmission of human capital.


Practical implications
The results of rate of transmission can help to make educational policies in countries like Thailand. It also could help the policymakers to evaluate and redesign the student loan scheme (SLS) in Thailand.


Originality/value
This study is used as an alternative instrument for parental education to identify the rate of transmission in an IV approach. This paper is the first to identify the intergenerational transmission rate in Thailand. In addition, it evaluates Thai SLS in an intergenerational framework.

Access to local justice resolutions is significant not only for the rule of law but also for human rights, democratic governance, poverty reduction and security. Since many rural residents do not have access to formal courts, local justice resolution, namely village court (VC), is the only restorative mechanism in Bangladesh that is accessible and convenient for the grassroots community. This study investigates the management of restorative justice in Bangladesh and evaluates its effectiveness in terms of participation, accountability and transparency. Using key informant interviews and focus group discussions with Union Parishad officials and locals, the study collected empirical data from 60 respondents, who were purposefully selected from four unions covering two districts in Bangladesh. To understand judicial proceedings and interpret the data accordingly, the research team also observed the hearing procedures of the VC with the permission of the proper authorities. Since the local justice resolution system only handles minor and petty cases related to civil and criminal matters, the study indicates that the VC allows a great deal of popular participation in adjudication processes and ensures partial transparency through an open hearing system without incorporating formal mechanisms of accountability. This analysis also shows that ensuring good governance practices in the VC becomes imperative for impartial and credible justice for the local community. Despite having several gaps in the governance framework and drawbacks, the study concludes that a strengthened restorative justice mechanism might contribute to the performance of the formal judiciary, provide a feasible option for locals, and empower them. Therefore, ensuring good governance requires a comprehensive approach that looks beyond legal and judicial reforms and tackles broader structural, social and economic factors. By exploring governance performance and gaps in the local justice system, the article significantly contributes to the government's and policymakers' efforts to measure progress and reduce weaknesses. Although the VC system is still relatively new in many countries, it could be an excellent resource for restorative justice systems across the globe.

Reconsidering the trend in anthropology to conceptualize the multifaceted nature of the state and to focus on the local social dynamics beneath the institutional framework of the state, we argue that "state" is not a single governing entity but rather a multilayered body of practices at various levels of the society. We configure "state" as constructed, imagined, and negotiated by people in their everyday life in four dimensions: zones of limited statehood depicted as "peripheries," "local state" by which the center governs locales, "public discourse" that represents dominant notions of "stateness," and ambivalent positioning of political elites who represents state in the margin. This argument is substantiated with the reference to the case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, a southeastern part of Bangladesh.

PurposeThis paper aims to find the effects of mothers' schooling on child schooling.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses Bangladesh's Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), which is a nationally representative survey. It employs the instrumental variable technique to estimate the intergenerational model.FindingsInterestingly, the results show that the intergenerational transmission of schooling from mothers is slightly higher than that of fathers in Bangladesh.Research limitations/implicationsEstimating the intergenerational model is challenging due to the endogeneity issue. The methodology used in this paper may help to find similar evidence from other countries.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study may help to design and evaluate the educational policies in Bangladesh or a country like Bangladesh. For instance, the results of this paper suggest that the female stipend program (FSP) in Bangladesh is effective for the next generation's schooling.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to analyze the effect of mother's schooling on the child's schooling, controlling the father's education and other household characteristics. In addition, it controls for endogeneity bias due to genetic transmission.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-06-2023-0491

This article assesses the effectiveness of the employment generation programme for the poorest (EGPP) and its impact on ensuring employment opportunities and employability of targeted beneficiaries in rural areas in Bangladesh. In particular, it examines the appropriateness of targeted beneficiaries, selection, and the impact of the programme on changing their livelihood and economic indicators. Respondents were selected from 12 unions of four districts of the Chattogram division, and data were collected using the interview method and key informant interview. First, the findings suggest that accurately selecting beneficiaries and households was a challenging task owing to inappropriate wage rates, social context and political influences. Besides, misappropriation of the selection process of beneficiaries is one of the main concerns of this programme. Second, the EGPP has improved the income levels of a significant number of beneficiaries and made a positive impact on their certain basic needs and livelihood indicators. Despite drawbacks in the implementation, the study concludes that the provision of adequate measures of employment generation programmes based on equity and geographical demands will notably contribute to ensuring the employability of the unemployed and marginalised sections of the country.