El objetivo del artículo consistió en encontrar la relación entre las facultades cognoscitivas del sujeto cognoscente y los problemas del conocimiento en la construcción de los argumentos sobre el papel del maestro desde la teoría psicológica humanista aplicada a la educación. Se utilizó como metodología el análisis epistemológico del discurso descifrando los sentidos y significados gnoseológicos de las ideas, juicios y raciocinios empleados por los teóricos de dicha corriente en la edificación mencionada, buscando comprender las facultades cognoscitivas con las que se pretenden resolver los problemas filosóficos del conocimiento en la misma. Los resultados revelan la existencia de una relación o correspondencia de dependencia de las facultades cognoscitivas del sujeto cognoscente respecto de determinados problemas del conocimiento desde los que se construye la propuesta desde dicha corriente psicológica. Finalmente, se concluye que detrás de la propuesta analizada, se encuentran ciertas facultades cognoscitivas que determinan la manera en que se pretenden resolver los principales problemas del conocimiento en la construcción del concepto estudiado.
This article examines the phenomenon of drug-related violence in Mexico and the causal factors that enabled the upsurge in the numbers of drug-related homicides during the period 2007–10 — the first 4 years of the so-called "war on drugs". The authors explore regional statistics derived from official sources, as well as from both anecdotal and empirical research on the subject, and assess quantitatively the impact of different factors such as deteriorated economic conditions, corruption, a new configuration of organized crime, divisions between criminal organizations and the Mexican government's strategy to fight organized crime. The study finds that the key forces that explain a massive increase in violence in the most recent years are the involvement of the federal forces in the fight against drug trafficking organizations (the State), the splits between criminal syndicates and what is defined here as the "paramilitarization" of organized crime in Mexico. Finally, the present analysis makes use of Max Weber's (1919) "monopoly of violence" framework, and explains how the Mexican State has been losing this monopoly in recent years.
Oratio in funere Caroli Tertii. / á Josepho Patritio Fernandez de Uribe.: XXXIV p. Elogio funebre del. señor don Carlos III. que en sus exequias. pronunció. Joseph Serruto y Nava.: 29 p. ; Texto en latín y español ; Sign.: [@]>94243< La h. de grab. pleg. calc.: "Velazquez la inv. y dib. Suria la grav. a direc. de Gil en Mexico Año de 1789" ; Encuadernado con : El llanto de Mexico en los. recuerdos que a la augusta memoria de. Clemente XIV consagraron las. provincias de Predicadores y Menores Observantes de Mexico en sus. Conventos de Santo Domingo y S. Francisco. los dias 27 y 28 de marzo y 3 y 4 de abril de 1775. Impresso en Mexico : por D. Felipe de Zuñiga y Ontiveros., 1775 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion fúnebre, que en las solemnes exêquias que se celebraron por. Luis Antonio Jayme de Borbon. en la Iglesia de Santa Maria del Real Sitio de San Ildefonso el dia 4 de septiembre de este año / dixo. Joseph Mariano de Veriztain y Romero. [Puebla de los Angeles] : reimpreso en la Oficina del Real Seminario Palafoxiano de la Puebla de los Angeles, 1786 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre que en las exêquias generales celebradas el dia 23 de diciembre de 1805 a expensas y dovocion [sic] del Real Cuerpo de Marina del Departamento del Ferrol por las animas de sus valerosos individuos y de todos los demás Militares y Marineros que han dado su vida por el Rey y por la Patria en el combate del 21 de octubre / dixo el Dr. D. Manuel Fernández Varela. Mexico : oficina de doña María Fernández Jauregui, 1807 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre que en las solemnes exequias celebradas en la Iglesia del Espíritu Santo de la Puebla a devocion y expensas de los hijos y oriundos de Vizcaya y de Navarra, por todos los que murieron en la gloriosa defensa de Buenos-Ayres / dixo el dia 24 de Febrero de 1808 . Antonio Joaquin Perez Martinez. México : en la oficina de Arizpe, 1808 ; Encuadernado con : Oración fúnebre. de la reyna nuestra señora doña María Isabel Francisca de Braganza y Borbón, celebradas el día 29 de octubre de 1819 en la iglesia metropolitana de Guatemala / pronunció. Fr. Ramón Francisco Casaus y Torres. [s.l.] : Por Beteta, 1819 ; Encuadernado con : Oración fúnebre de la señora reyna madre doña María Luisa de Borbón / predicada por el R.P. Dr. Fr. José Manuel de Jesús Alcántara. [s.l.] : Por Beteta, [s.a.] ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre dedicada a la memoria del Exmo. señor D. Mathias de Galvez. / que predico. Fr. Joseph Antonio Goycoechea del Orden del S.P.S. Francisco. en las honras que se hicieron. en la Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Concepcion de la ciudad de Guathemala el dia 5 de febrero de 1785. [Guatemala] : en la oficina de D. Antonio Cubillas y por su original reimpreso en la misma de don Ignacio Beteta, 1787 ; Encuadernado con : Breve descripcion de las solemnes exequias que en los dias 25 y 26 de junio de este año de 1779 se celebraron en la. catedral de Mexico al excmô. señor baylio Fr. don Antonio Maria de Bucareli y Ursua. Impresa en México : por D. Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros., [1779?] ; Encuadernado con : Solemnes exequias del exmo. S. D. Juan Vicente Güemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo. : celebradas. en la Iglesia de N.P.S. Francisco de Mexico los dias 23 y 24 de octubre del año 1799 y mandadas imprimir por D. Pedro de Basare. En la N. Guatemala : por los Herederos de Arevalo, 1800 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre que, en las solemnes honras que se celebran anualmente en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Mexico a la gloriosa memoria de los difuntos militares que siguieron las triunfantes vanderas españolas, dixo el dia 25 de noviembre de 1789. Juan de Sarria y Alderete. / dala a luz. Pedro Jacinto Valenzuela. México : en la imprenta de don Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros, 1792 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre que, en las solemnes honras que se celebran todos los años en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Mexico a la gloriosa memoria de los difuntos militares que han seguido las triunfantes vanderas españolas / dixo el dia 24 de noviembre de 1791. Juan de Sarria y Alderete. dala a luz. Joseph de Porras. México : en la imprenta de don Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros, 1792 ; Encuadernado con : Elogio de los soldados difuntos en la presente guerra que, en las solemnes exequias de los militares celebradas en la Metropolitana de Mexico el dia 22 de noviembre de 1794. / dixo. Joseph Mariano Beristain. En México : por los herederos de don Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros., 1795 ; Encuadernado con : Oración funebre, que en las exêquias generales, celebradas el dia 12 de septiembre de 1808 a expensas y devocion de los comerciantes y vecinos de la Ciudad de Oaxaca, por las almas de los pios, leales y valerosos españoles, por la Religion, por el Rey y por la Patria, en la actual guerra contra Napoleón / dixo . Fr. Ramón Casaus Torres y Lasplazas. En México : en la Oficina de doña María Fernández de Jauregui, 1809 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre predicada por . Fr. Ramon Casaus y Torres . en el aniversario por las victimas del 2 de mayo, que se celebro conforme al decreto del Congreso Nacional en la iglesia de Santo Domingo de Guatemala el dia 2 de mayo de 1812. Nueva Guatemala : en la Oficina de don Manuel de Arevalo, año de 1812 ; Encuadernado con : Oracion funebre que en el aniversario de las victimas de la Patria del dos de mayo de 1808, celebrado en 1820 en la Iglesia Monasterial Matriz de la villa de San Cugat del Vallés con asistencia del magnifico alcalde y Ayuntamiento constitucional /dijo. Don Andrés Casaus de Torres. ; lo publica don Benito Cortada. Barcelona : en la Imp. de Tecla Pla Viuda, administrada por Vicente Verdaguer, 1820
A recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) lacking the envelope (E) protein is attenuated in vivo. Here we report that E protein PDZ-binding motif (PBM), a domain involved in protein-protein interactions, is a major determinant of virulence. Elimination of SARS-CoV E protein PBM by using reverse genetics caused a reduction in the deleterious exacerbation of the immune response triggered during infection with the parental virus and virus attenuation. Cellular protein syntenin was identified to bind the E protein PBM during SARS-CoV infection by using three complementary strategies, yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays. Syntenin redistributed from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm during infection with viruses containing the E protein PBM, activating p38 MAPK and leading to the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Silencing of syntenin using siRNAs led to a decrease in p38 MAPK activation in SARS-CoV infected cells, further reinforcing their functional relationship. Active p38 MAPK was reduced in lungs of mice infected with SARS-CoVs lacking E protein PBM as compared with the parental virus, leading to a decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and to virus attenuation. Interestingly, administration of a p38 MAPK inhibitor led to an increase in mice survival after infection with SARS-CoV, confirming the relevance of this pathway in SARS-CoV virulence. Therefore, the E protein PBM is a virulence domain that activates immunopathology most likely by using syntenin as a mediator of p38 MAPK induced inflammation. ; This work was supported by grants from the government of Spain (BIO2010-16705), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007-2013) under the project ''EMPERIE'' EC Gran Agreement number 223498, and U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2P01AI060699, 0258-3413/ HHSN266200700010C). JMJG received a JAE fellowship from the CSIC-JAE Program co-funded by the European Social Fund. JARN and CCR received a contract from Fundación La Caixa.
A SARS-CoV lacking the full-length E gene (SARS-CoV-∆E) was attenuated and an effective vaccine. Here, we show that this mutant virus regained fitness after serial passages in cell culture or in vivo, resulting in the partial duplication of the membrane gene or in the insertion of a new sequence in gene 8a, respectively. The chimeric proteins generated in cell culture increased virus fitness in vitro but remained attenuated in mice. In contrast, during SARS-CoV-∆E passage in mice, the virus incorporated a mutated variant of 8a protein, resulting in reversion to a virulent phenotype. When the full-length E protein was deleted or its PDZ-binding motif (PBM) was mutated, the revertant viruses either incorporated a novel chimeric protein with a PBM or restored the sequence of the PBM on the E protein, respectively. Similarly, after passage in mice, SARS-CoV-∆E protein 8a mutated, to now encode a PBM, and also regained virulence. These data indicated that the virus requires a PBM on a transmembrane protein to compensate for removal of this motif from the E protein. To increase the genetic stability of the vaccine candidate, we introduced small attenuating deletions in E gene that did not affect the endogenous PBM, preventing the incorporation of novel chimeric proteins in the virus genome. In addition, to increase vaccine biosafety, we introduced additional attenuating mutations into the nsp1 protein. Deletions in the carboxy-terminal region of nsp1 protein led to higher host interferon responses and virus attenuation. Recombinant viruses including attenuating mutations in E and nsp1 genes maintained their attenuation after passage in vitro and in vivo. Further, these viruses fully protected mice against challenge with the lethal parental virus, and are therefore safe and stable vaccine candidates for protection against SARS-CoV. ; This work was supported by grants from the government of Spain (BIO2013-42869-R), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under the project "EMPERIE" EC grant agreement number 223498, and a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) project (5P01AI060699). JMJG, JARN and JLNT received contracts from NIH. CCR received a contract from Fundacion La Caixa.
The COVID-19 outbreak has fueled a global demand for effective diagnosis and treatment as well as mitigation of the spread of infection, all through large-scale approaches such as specific alternative antiviral methods and classical disinfection protocols. Based on an abundance of engineered materials identifiable by their useful physicochemical properties through versatile chemical functionalization, nanotechnology offers a number of approaches to cope with this emergency. Here, through a multidisciplinary Perspective encompassing diverse fields such as virology, biology, medicine, engineering, chemistry, materials science, and computational science, we outline how nanotechnology-based strategies can support the fight against COVID-19, as well as infectious diseases in general, including future pandemics. Considering what we know so far about the life cycle of the virus, we envision key steps where nanotechnology could counter the disease. First, nanoparticles (NPs) can offer alternative methods to classical disinfection protocols used in healthcare settings, thanks to their intrinsic antipathogenic properties and/or their ability to inactivate viruses, bacteria, fungi, or yeasts either photothermally or via photocatalysis-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Nanotechnology tools to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in patients could also be explored. In this case, nanomaterials could be used to deliver drugs to the pulmonary system to inhibit interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and viral S protein. Moreover, the concept of "nanoimmunity by design" can help us to design materials for immune modulation, either stimulating or suppressing the immune response, which would find applications in the context of vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 or in counteracting the cytokine storm, respectively. In addition to disease prevention and therapeutic potential, nanotechnology has important roles in diagnostics, with potential to support the development of simple, fast, and cost-effective nanotechnology-based assays to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and related biomarkers. In summary, nanotechnology is critical in counteracting COVID-19 and will be vital when preparing for future pandemics. ; L.G.D. acknowledges the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 734381 (CARBOimmap), and the University of Padua (Italy) DOR-2020. A.Y. is thankful to the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) for financial support under the young investigator programme. A.M. thanks funding by the CERCA programme/Generalitat de Catalunya and the Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence programme and by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI, Grant No. SEV-2017-0706) given to ICN2. C.M. would like to acknowledge the award of funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 819069) and the award of a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF160539) by the UK Royal Society. Y.G. was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-1740795. M.C. acknowledges the Labex SERENADE funded by the "Investissements d'Avenir" French Government program of the French National Research Agency (Grant No. ANR-11-LABX-0064) through the A*MIDEX project (Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02). ; Peer reviewed
Viroporins are viral proteins with ion channel (IC) activity that play an important role in several processes, including virus replication and pathogenesis. While many coronaviruses (CoVs) encode two viroporins, severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) encodes three: proteins 3a, E, and 8a. Additionally, proteins 3a and E have a PDZ-binding motif (PBM), which can potentially bind over 400 cellular proteins which contain a PDZ domain, making them potentially important for the control of cell function. In the present work, a comparative study of the functional motifs included within the SARS-CoV viroporins was performed, mostly focusing on the roles of the IC and PBM of E and 3a proteins. ; This work was supported by grants from the Government of Spain (BIO2013-42869-R and BIO2016-75549-R AEI/FEDER, UE), the European Zoonotic Anticipation and Preparedness Initiative (ZAPI) (IMI_JU_115760), and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (0258-3413/HHSN266200700010C awarded to L.E., 2P01AI060699 awarded to L.E. and S.P., and R01 AI129269 awarded to S.P.). V.M.A. and M.Q.M. are grateful for the support of the Government of Spain (FIS2013-40473-P and FIS2016-75257-P AEI/FEDER, UE) and Universitat Jaume I (P1.1B2015-28). C.C.R. received a contract from Fundación La Caixa.
