Suchergebnisse

El artículo analiza la participación de los principales periódicos de Buenos Aires en el desarrollo de un conflicto planteado en la provincia de Tucumán a mediados de 1887. Dicho conflicto se desencadenó a partir de la distribución de un folleto anónimo y concluyó con el violento derrocamiento de las autoridades locales. A través del análisis de los diarios se espera dar cuenta del papel clave de la prensa en la dinámica política de la década de 1880 y precisar las características específicas de su intervención en la escena pública. Para ello se revisan los tópicos fundamentales del debate promovido por el conflicto provincial y se examinan las herramientas periodísticas empleadas por los periódicos para construir sus respectivas lecturas e interpretaciones de los sucesos. ; This article studies the role of Buenos Aires political press in the development of a conflict that resulted in the violent overthrow of Tucuman's authorities in 1887. The dispute was triggered by the distribution of an anonymous pamphlet that was broadcasted by the press. By analyzing the topics of conflict promoted by the newspapers and the tools they resorted to in order to build different interpretations of the events, I aim to show the key role of the press in 1880s politics and clarify the characteristics of its intervention in the public sphere. ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

El artículo revisa varios textos que, desde diferentes perspectivas, proponen interpretaciones sobre los rasgos y el funcionamiento de la vida política en el último tercio del siglo XIX. Especialmente se examinan los abordajes sobre la conformación y las características del elenco dirigente, así como los análisis acerca de la participación política, para confrontar con las exploraciones propias referidas al escenario tucumano entre 1867 y 1893. Se enfatiza en ciertas coyunturas de intensa conflictividad política para explicitar los factores que configuraron las contiendas, los mecanismos de tramitación de las disputas y los actores intervinientes. Asimismo, se ofrecen elementos para objetar las imágenes estereotipadas de los gobiernos de familia en las provincias. De esa manera se pone en discusión la noción de oligarquía en tanto caracterización de la clase gobernante y como categoría analítica referida a la fisonomía y al funcionamiento del régimen político. Se espera que las hipótesis planteadas no se limiten al caso provincial, sino que funcionen como herramientas para desarticular interpretaciones más generales sobre las dirigencias y la participación política. ; This article reviews recent and classic literature about politics in the late 19th century, its features and functioning. It analyses the available interpretations concerning the formation and characteristics of the leadership and political participation in order to compare them with my studies on Tucumán's politics between 1867 y 1893. The paper highlights specific moments of intense political conflict with the aim of explaining the factors that shaped contentions, the mechanisms used for handling disputes and the actors involved. Also, it provides clues to challenge the stereotypical images about gobiernos de familia (family governments) in the provinces. In that way, the article discusses the concept of oligarchy as a characterization of the leadership and as an analytical category to indicate the features and functioning of a political regime. I trust that my interpretation is not only valid to the provincial case, but that it can work as a tool to question broader interpretations of the ruling class and political participation of the time. ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

El trabajo examina uno de los debates más intensos que se plantearon en el Congreso argentino para la reforma de la legislación electoral. Esas controversias permiten apreciar el abanico de ideas imperante y también la intención de ensayar nuevas alternativas para corregir aquello que se consideraba nocivo para el ordenamiento político. Se consideran los aspectos más importantes del proyecto de reforma y se evalúan los obstáculos y las resistencias que condicionaron su elaboración definitiva ; The paper examines one of the most intense debates on electoral reform raised in the Argentine Congress. Those disputes shed light on the different ideas prevailing on the issue, and on the intention of attempting several alternatives to correct what was considered harmful to the political order. The paper discusses the most important aspects of the proposed reform and evaluates the obstacles and resistances encountered during its final drafting. ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

Se analizan los escollos y resistencias que generó el proceso de unificación política que tensionó la relación entre las provincias y el gobierno central, afectando también los entramados de poder a nivel local y regional. Se pretende matizar la noción establecida sobre la conformación del Estado-nación como un proceso unidireccional de penetración y subordinación de las periferias al centro. Para esto se revisan varios conflictos que afectaron a las provincias del norte argentino, los cuales se manifestaron a través de acciones materiales, pero también involucraron permanentes polémicas en las que las identidades políticas heredadas de la década anterior tuvieron un lugar destacado. ; We analyze the obstacles and resistances generated by the process of political unifi cation which stressed the relationship between the provinces and the central government, also affecting the frameworks of local and regional powers. It is intended to nuance the established notion of the nation-state's formation as a unidirectional process of penetration and subordination of the peripheries to the center. For this, we review various confl icts that affected the Northern Argentinean provinces. Such confl icts were expressed through material actions, but also provoked ongoing controversies. In these controversies the political identities inherited from the previous decade had a prominent place. ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

El trabajo analiza el papel de los periódicos en la configuración y desarrollo del conflicto político durante la presidencia de Juárez Celman. Para ello, se estudia el caso del diario El Orden en Tucumán, examinando las demandas por calumnias e injurias y una serie de acciones violentas que lo tuvieron como protagonista. Se busca poner de manifiesto la articulación de tales incidentes con el accionar político del periódico en el ámbito provincial y también en la escena nacional. Asimismo, se procura brindar una explicación sobre el funcionamiento del poder judicial y delimitar su papel en la tramitación de las disputas que se suscitaban en la prensa. ; This paper analyzes the role of newspapers in shaping and developing political conflict during Juárez Celman's presidency. For this purpose, we study the case of the newspaper El Orden in Tucumán province, examining the lawsuits against the press by the offences to the honor and the attacks on the newspaper editor. It seeks to highlight the articulation between these incidents and the newspaper's political action, both at the provincial and on the national level. It also seeks to provide an explanation of the functioning of the judiciary and define its role in the handling of disputes that emerged in the press. ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el papel de los levantamientos armados en el proceso de institucionalización política desarrollado en Tucumán, luego de Caseros (1852). Este estudio se lleva a cabo a partir del examen de una rebelión cívico-militar conocida como "La Revolución de los Posse" ocurrida luego de la elección de Anselmo Rojo como nuevo gobernador provincial, en abril de 1856. Se exploran, en particular, tres cuestiones centrales: por una parte, la vinculación entre la insurrección cívico militar y las fricciones existentes entre los diferentes círculos del "partido liberal" tucumano. Por otra, la participación de las milicias departamentales, de sus Comandantes y de la Guardia Nacional en el mencionado levantamiento armado, prestándose especial atención a la relación entre los conflictos intra-liberales y las fricciones entre los Comandantes locales. Por último, se examina la organización y ejecución de la rebelión, la represión gubernamental y el juicio penal aplicado a sus protagonistas. ; The aim of this work is to analyze the role of civic rebellions in the process of institutionalization of Tucumán, after Caseros (1852). In this case, special attention will be paid to a civic revolt known as "La Revolución de los Posse" which took place after the election of Anselmo Rojo as governor, in April 1856. In order to examine the rebellion, this work studies the relationship between liberal political party internal conflicts, the political and military role of local militias and their leaders (Comandantes militares), and the organization of the revolt. In addition, this research focuses on the suppression of that rebellion and the subsequent trial of the insurgents. ; Fil: Macías, Flavia Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ; Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el papel de los levantamientos armados en el proceso de institucionalización política desarrollado en Tucumán, luego de Caseros (1852). Este estudio se lleva a cabo a partir del examen de una rebelión cívico-militar conocida como La Revolución de los Posse ocurrida luego de la elección de Anselmo Rojo como nuevo gobernador provincial, en abril de 1856. Se exploran, en particular, tres cuestiones centrales: por una parte, la vinculación entre la insurrección cívico militar y las fricciones existentes entre los diferentes círculos del partido liberal tucumano. Por otra, la participación de las milicias departamentales, de sus Comandantes y de la Guardia Nacional en el mencionado levantamiento armado, prestándose especial atención a la relación entre los conflictos intra-liberales y las fricciones entre los Comandantes locales. Por último, se examina la organización y ejecución de la rebelión, la represión gubernamental y el juicio penal aplicado a sus protagonistas. ; The aim of this work is to analyze the role of civic rebellions in the process of institutionalization of Tucumán, after Caseros (1852). In this case, special attention will be paid to a civic revolt known as La Revolución de los Posse which took place after the election of Anselmo Rojo as governor, in April 1856. In order to examine the rebellion, this work studies the relationship between liberal political party internal conflicts, the political and military role of local militias and their leaders (Comandantes militares), and the organization of the revolt. In addition, this research focuses on the suppression of that rebellion and the subsequent trial of the insurgents. ; Fil: Macías, Flavia Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; Argentina ; Fil: Navajas, Maria José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; Argentina

Following a request from the European Commission, in this scientific opinion the EFSA Panel on Plant Health evaluates the risk of entry into the European Union of harmful organisms associated with soil or growing medium attached to plants for planting, as commodities, and as contaminants on imported consignments. The Panel compared several definitions of soil and growing media and used, in this opinion, the current definition for growing media of the International Plant Protection Convention. In Council Directive 2000/29/EC, no specific definition of soil and growing media is provided but growing media are described in two different ways. From the soil and growing media and/or components thereof identified through extensive literature searches, the Panel distinguished eight groups of soil and growing media and assessed the probability of association of these groups with harmful organisms. A total of 207 scientific publications were reviewed by the Panel in order to identify and rate the effectiveness of options that could reduce the risk of entry of pests posed by the import of soil and growing media. A detailed description and evaluation of the requirements for soil and growing media laid down in current EU legislation on plant health and in a few other regions of the world is provided. The Panel found that the 'prohibition of import' is the only phytosanitary measure with a very high effectiveness and a low uncertainty. The effectiveness of the phytosanitary measures 'pest free production site and preparation of consignment' is rated as moderate to high with an uncertainty rated as medium to high. Although several phytosanitary measures in these categories of risk reduction options could be highly effective, EU legislation does not provide clear formulation and guidance on their implementation.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health was requested by the European Commission to assess the risk to plant health in 8the European Union if the Australian bud-galling wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae was released for the 9control of the invasive alien plant Acacia longifolia in Portugal. T. acaciaelongifoliae feeds on A. longifolia and 10A. floribunda. In South Africa, following its intentional introduction in 1982 and 1983, the wasp is now present 11throughout the range of A. longifolia in that country, with most plants showing galls and seed set reductions of, 12initially, up to 95 %. Climatic conditions in the EU are largely suitable for establishment wherever A. longifolia13and A. floribunda are present. T. acaciaelongifoliae is moderately likely to establish and spread in the EU, by 14natural means, but particularly if it is intentionally moved to control populations of A. longifolia other than those 15present in Portugal. The effects on native biodiversity and ecosystems resulting from invasive populations of 16A. longifolia are likely to be reduced by the wasp. A. longifolia is grown as an ornamental plant in some EU 17countries. A. floribunda is not an invasive plant in the EU and is cultivated as an ornamental plant on a small 18scale in France, Greece and Italy. Any effects on cultivated ornamental A. longifolia and A. floribunda a re rated 19as moderate, although likely to be transient, as the industry could switch to the cultivation of other Acacia spp. 20For plant species other than A. longifolia and A. floribunda, consequences are expected to be minor, with low 21uncertainty except for A. retinodes and Cytisus striatus, where further investigation is required. No risk-reducing 22options in the plant health context are considered necessary, except for monitoring, sentinel planting, and care 23with regard to quarantine facilities and release protocols to prevent accidental release in situations and locations 24other than those intended

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Circulifer tenellus (Ct) and C. haematoceps (Ch) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) for the European Union (EU) territory. They are well‐defined insect species that can be identified on the basis of external morphology and male genitalia. Ch and Ct are considered to originate from the Old World; Ct is also present in North America and the Caribbean. In the EU, Ch is reported in 11 Member States, mostly in southern or central Europe, and Ct is reported in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. Neither species is harmful by itself, but they are vectors of Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of, for example, citrus stubborn disease. The major impact of Ct in North America results from the transmission of Beet curly top virus to sugarbeet. Ct also transmits 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' and Ch transmits 'Ca P. asteris'. There is no transovarial transmission of the pathogens. Ch and Ct are regulated harmful organisms in the EU and listed in Annex II, Part A, Section II, of Council Directive 2000/29/EC together with Spiroplasma citri and with respect to plants of Citrus Fortunella Poncirus and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds, despite the fact that Ct and Ch have a larger host range. Ch and Ct are likely to be disseminated by plants for planting (the eggs are laid into the leaf veins and petioles), they have also been observed to hitch‐hike on terrestrial vehicles, and Ct is known for its very high flight capacity. Both species have many hosts, in particular in the Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. Ecological conditions in the risk assessment area are suitable for the establishment and spread of S. citri, at least where citrus is currently grown.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel) was asked to react to a document entitled "Comments on the European Union Food Safety Authority's Pest Risk Assessment for Phyllosticta citricarpa", authored by Hattingh et al., which was posted online in August 2014 on the website of Citrus Research International (Pty) Ltd, South Africa. Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Van der Aa, is a fruit-blemishing and leaf-spotting disease affecting citrus. P. citricarpa is not known to occur in the EU territory and is regulated as a quarantine organism in citrus (Council Directive 2000/29/EC). The Panel assessed the comments by Hattingh et al. in the light of the content of the EFSA PLH Panel Scientific Opinion on CBS and the EFSA report detailing responses to comments received during the public consultation on the draft opinion. The Panel stands by the EFSA PLH Panel Scientific Opinion on CBS and considers that the comments by Hattingh et al. have been thoroughly addressed in the EFSA report on the public consultation on the EFSA PLH Panel Scientific Opinion on CBS. A detailed point by point reply to the comments by Hattingh et al. is provided in an Appendix of this Panel statement. Since September 2014, EFSA has written to the lead author of the comments trying to engage in a scientific dialogue concerning the sources of uncertainty related to the risks posed by P. citricarpa to plant health in the EU, so as to identify ways to reduce such uncertainties (e.g. with further research and/or data exchange). The EFSA PLH Panel also remains open to such constructive dialogue in the future.

The Panel on Plant Health undertook a pest categorisation for the scale insect Aonidiella citrina for the European Union. A. citrina is a distinct species, but examination with a microscope is required to distinguish it from A. aurantii, which is also a citrus pest originating from Asia, but is much more widespread in southern Europe and far more damaging than A. citrina. A. citrina was first found in Europe in 1994 but has been recorded only in Italy, France and Greece. It is primarily a citrus pest, but has been found in association with a variety of other plant genera. Southern areas of the EU, where citrus plants are cultivated, are potentially suitable for outdoor establishment of A. citrina. The pest has not been recorded in protected cultivation. No serious impacts of A. citrina have been recorded in Europe, and an integrated pest management programme, combining chemical and biological controls, is considered to be effective. A. citrina is an insect listed in Annex IIAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC in relation to its main hosts: Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus plants. These hosts are also regulated in Annex III and Annex V and are explicitly mentioned in Council Directive 2008/90/EC.

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation of Atropellis spp., the fungal pathogens responsible for causing cankers in several Pinus species. The pathogens are listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. The pathogens have been identified as A. apiculata, A. pinicola, A. piniphila and A. tingens. Detection, identification and differentiation of Atropellis species is based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. A. apiculata is present in North Carolina and Virginia (USA), and A. pinicola, A. piniphila and A. tingens are present in Canada and the USA. Atropellis spp. are not known to occur in the EU Member States so far. Several Pinus species have been reported to be hosts of Atropellis spp., with some of them being present in the EU Member States. However, the susceptibility to infection with these pathogens of pine species native to Europe and Eurasia, such as Pinus brutia, P. cembra, P. mugo, P. peuce, P. pinaster and P. sibiricais not yet known. There are no obvious eco-climatic factors limiting the potential establishment and spread of the pathogens in the risk assessment area. The pathogens can spread over short distances by ascospores that are dispersed primarily by wind and secondarily by rain. Spread of Atropellis spp. over long distances may occur by means of movement of infected host plants for planting (especially asymptomatic), cut branches, and wood or isolated bark. Control methods used against Atropellis spp. include cultural practices and sanitary measures. No chemical control measures, resistant host genotypes or biological control measures exist. Potential consequences of the damage caused by Atropellis spp. include malformation of the trees resulting in lower wood quality or tree marketability.