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Summary The aim of this text is to bring it closer to a photographic capture made to Fidel Castro on 8 January 1959 at HQ Columbia. On that day, the revolutionary leader arrived in Havana, after one week of the departure of dictator Fulgencio Bile (1 January of the same year). After dropping from the famous Sierra Maestra, the guerrilla leader began a land journey along the whole island, from Santiago de Cuba to the capital. The date of 8 January was remembered, given that another prominent event took place on 14 September of the same year. On the second date, Castro would formalise the conversion of the military building into an educational centre, which would be called the Ciudad Escolar Libertad. In addition, there is a timely discussion of HQ Columbia, as many other outstanding photographs were also captured on the same day, as was the case during Fidel's own speech in the Presidential Palace. As a hypothetical premiss, it is argued that the photograph has a historical and visual potential that has little been taken into account, and that this neglect makes it impossible to expand the historical knowledge that some iconographic traces offer, such as that of that image, which will be analysed in detail in this text. for a better understanding of the Cuban reality, as well as Latin America. ; Resumen El objetivo de este texto es realizar el acercamiento a una captura fotográfica que se hizo a Fidel Castro el 8 de enero de 1959 en el Cuartel Columbia. Ese día, el dirigente revolucionario llegó a La Habana, después de que había transcurrido una semana de la salida del dictador Fulgencio Batista (el 1° de enero del mismo año). Luego de bajar de la afamada Sierra Maestra el líder guerrillero inició una travesía terrestre a lo largo de toda la isla, desde Santiago de Cuba hasta la capital. Se remarca la fecha de ese 8 de enero, dado que el 14 de septiembre del mismo año también se desarrolló otro destacado acto. En esta segunda fecha, Castro formalizaría la conversión del edificio militar en centro educativo, que ...

*El autor desea extender un agradecimiento alPrograma de Apoyos para la Superación del Personal Académico (PASPA) de laDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) de laUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), por su apoyo al proceso de investigación medianteel ProyectoIN400920PAPIIT:Imágenes y poder en América Latina. La Revolución cubana como modelo de construcción épica. El objetivo de este texto es realizar el acercamiento a una captura fotográfica que se hizo a Fidel Castro el 8 de enero de 1959 en el Cuartel Columbia. Ese día, el dirigente revolucionario llegó a La Habana, después de que había transcurrido una semana de la salida del dictador Fulgencio Batista (el 1° de enero del mismo año). Luego de bajar de la afamada Sierra Maestra el líder guerrillero inició una travesía terrestre a lo largo de toda la isla, desde Santiago de Cuba hasta la capital. Se remarca la fecha de ese 8 de enero, dado que el 14 de septiembre del mismo año también se desarrolló otro destacado acto. En esta segunda fecha, Castro formalizaría la conversión del edificio militar en centro educativo, que sería denominado como Ciudad Escolar Libertad. Además, se habla puntualmente del Cuartel Columbia, dado que ese mismo día también se capturaron muchas otras fotografías sobresalientes, como sucedió durante el discurso que emitió el propio Fidel en el Palacio Presidencial. Como premisa hipotética se sostiene que en dicha fotografía se encierra un potencial histórico y visual que poco se ha atendido, y que tal circunstancia de descuido impide ampliar el conocimiento histórico que algunos vestigios iconográficos ofrecen –como el de esa imagen que en este texto se analizará detenidamente– para una mejor comprensión de la realidad cubana, y también latinoamericana. ; *The author extends a thank you to the Programa de Apoyos para la Superación del Personal Académico (PASPA) of the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM),for its support to the ...

18 páginas.- Irene Malpartida. et al. ; This study assessed the interactive effects of UVR and nutrient depletion on Chlorella fusca cultures on the production and accumulation of particular biomolecules. To accomplish this, algae were grown for 5 d in outdoor thin-layer cascade cultivators under 3 nutrient treatments (full nutrients, -N and -S) and then transferred to outdoor cylindrical photobioreactors for another 5 d. Cultures were then exposed to full solar radiation (PAB) and decreased UVR. During the last 5 d, bio-optical properties, photosynthetic activity, pigments, biochemical composition and oxidative stress were assessed. Initially, nutrient depletion caused changes in productivity and cell number in a manner that affected biochemical composition. After 3 d, the percentage of lipids in the cultures under N deprivation reached values appropriate for being used as feed or food additives or for energy applications (35% of lipid content), regardless of the light conditions. A longer exposure (5 d) resulted in interactive effects of light and nutrient conditions. Specifically, PAB increased lipid content in all cases (1.3- to 2.3-fold), but particularly under S deprivation. Longer exposure to PAB also increased oxidative stress in UVR and nutrient-limited treatments (-N and -S). These results showed that the benefits expected from nutrient depletion (increase in biomolecule content e.g. lipids, carbohydrates and pigments) were modulated by the negative effects of algal UVR acclimation costs. ; We acknowledge the financial and technical (use of PAM fluorometers) support by Walz to the GAP 9 Workshop 'Influence of the pulsed-supply of nitrogen on primary productivity in phytoplankton and marine macrophytes: an experimental approach'. We also thank Redox, the University of Málaga, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government (Acción Complementaria CTM2011-15659-E) and the Spanish Institute of Oceanography. The participation of E.N. was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government (Ref. BFU2010-22053). ; Peer reviewed

Mobile robotic platforms have made inroads in the rehabilitation area as gait assistance devices. They have rarely been used for human gait monitoring and analysis. The integration of mobile robots in this field offers the potential to develop multiple medical applications and achieve new discoveries. This study proposes the use of a mobile robotic platform based on depth cameras to perform the analysis of human gait in practical scenarios. The aim is to prove the validity of this robot and its applicability in clinical settings. The mechanical and software design of the system is presented, as well as the design of the controllers of the lane-keeping, person-following, and servoing systems. The accuracy of the system for the evaluation of joint kinematics and the main gait descriptors was validated by comparison with a Vicon-certified system. Some tests were performed in practical scenarios, where the effectiveness of the lane-keeping algorithm was evaluated. Clinical tests with patients with multiple sclerosis gave an initial impression of the applicability of the instrument in patients with abnormal walking patterns. The results demonstrate that the system can perform gait analysis with high accuracy. In the curved sections of the paths, the knee joint is affected by occlusion and the deviation of the person in the camera reference system. This issue was greatly improved by adjusting the servoing system and the following distance. The control strategy of this robot was specifically designed for the analysis of human gait from the frontal part of the participant, which allows one to capture the gait properly and represents one of the major contributions of this study in clinical practice. ; The research leading to these results received funding from PID2020-118299RB-I00— SISTEMA ROBOTICO NO INVASIVO PARA EL ANALISIS BIOMECANICO DE LA MARCHA HUMANA-, "Convocatoria 2020 Proyectos de I+D+i—RTI Tipo B", of the Government of Spain. ; Peer reviewed

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The increasing interest in the development of novel green solvents has led to the synthesis of benign alternative products with minimized environmental impacts. However, most of published studies on green solvents focus primarily on their physicochemical properties, with limited emphasis on absence of ecotoxicological assessment. In this study, we evaluated the acute ecotoxicity of four levulinates (levulinic acid, methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate) on freshwater algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), daphnids (Daphnia magna) and earthworms (Eisenia foetida) using various dose–response tests. As a general trend, the toxicity of levulinate esters in aquatic exposure (assessed as the EC50) increased as a function of increasing alkyl chain length; accordingly, the most toxic compound for the aquatic organisms was butyl levulinate, followed by ethyl levulinate and methyl levulinate. The most toxic compound for E. foetida (terrestrial exposure) was methyl levulinate, followed by ethyl levulinate, butyl levulinate and levulinic acid; in this case, we observed an inverse relationship between toxicity and alkyl chain length. Based on both the lowest EC50 found in the aquatic media and the ratio between predicted environmental concentration and the predicted no-effect concentration, we have estimated the maximum allowable values in the environment for these chemicals to be 1.093 mg L−1 for levulinic acid, 2.761 mg L−1 for methyl levulinate, 0.982 mg L−1 for ethyl levulinate and 0.151 mg L−1 for butyl levulinate. ; We would like to thank Imerys Ceramics Espan˜a, S.A. for providing artificial soil for the earthworm tests. The researchers L. Lomba, B. Giner and Ma. Rosa Pino are supported by the regional Aragon Government (Consolidated Applied Research Group ref. E02) and European Social Fund ''Construyendo Europa desde Arago´n''. The work of S. Mun˜iz and E. Navarro is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (National Research Plan, ref. BFU2010-22053) and by the regional Aragon Government (Consolidated Applied Research Group ref. E61). Furthermore, Green Pharmacy acknowledges financial support from EEE53 SL. Business groups: Pinares de Venecia Divisio´n Energe´tica and Brial (ENATICA). Finally, we want to thank Dr. Manuel Go´mez (Universidad San Jorge) both for his kind help and for having provided us with useful information ; Peer Reviewed

Up to two-thirds of patients affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) develop central neuropathic pain (CNP), which has a high impact on their quality of life. Most of the patients are largely refractory to current treatments, and new pharmacological strategies are needed. Recently, it has been shown that the acute administration of the σ1R antagonist MR309 (previously developed as E-52862) at 28 days after spinal cord contusion results in a dose-dependent suppression of both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in wild-type CD-1 Swiss female mice. The present work was addressed to determine whether MR309 might exert preventive effects on CNP development by repeated administration during the first week after SCI in mice. To this end, the MR309 (16 or 32 mg/kg i.p.) modulation on both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia development were evaluated weekly up to 28 days post-injury. In addition, changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β) expression and both the expression and activation (phosphorylation) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B-NMDA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) were analyzed. The repeated treatment of SCI-mice with MR309 resulted in significant pain behavior attenuation beyond the end of the administration period, accompanied by reduced expression of central sensitization-related mechanistic correlates, including extracellular mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), membrane receptors/channels (NR2B-NMDA) and intracellular signaling cascades (ERK/pERK). These findings suggest that repeated MR309 treatment after SCI may be a suitable pharmacologic strategy to modulate SCI-induced CNP development ; The present work was supported by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Industrial Doctorates Plan, Government of Catalonia (grant number 2014-DI-026 ESTEVE—Universitat de Girona); the Vice-Chancellorship of Research of the University of Girona (grant number MPCUdG2016/087); and the ...

The urban and territorial changes caused by tourism are well-studied topics in contemporary scientific literature. This article uses an integrative approach that lies between the scientific traditions in urban geography and the geography of tourism to present a case study of a socialist city. Tourism is a strategic economic activity in Cuba, and the country's most popular sun and sand tourist destination is Varadero. At first consideration, its tourism model is not very different from those of other areas in the region (Dominican Republic, Riviera Maya, etc.), but the uniqueness of the Cuban government and emphasis on planning introduce several distinguishing features. The combined analysis of the development of tourism in the city and the recent history of territorial planning leads to conclusions regarding the role of tourism in urban development, which has resulted in the creation of a dual-city model, and the role land planning is playing.