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Purpose: The study looked at the effect of corporate governance on the cost of capital of firms in Pakistan's non-financial sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study sample is comprised of balanced data set of 175 non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange between 2008 and 2018. The study used the dynamic panel GMM estimator technique. Findings: The findings revealed that an increase in the number of directors, board independence, CEO duality, and inflation negatively influence the cost of capital. On the other hand, the increase in institutional holdings increased the cost of capital. In addition, it is discovered that board committees, political connections, and economic growth do not affect the cost of capital Implications/Originality/Value: When board size, CEO duality, board independence, and inflation increased, the cost of capital decreased in Pakistan's non-financial sector. Furthermore, board committees, political connections, company leverage, and economic growth do not affect the cost of capital in Pakistan's non-financial sector. In comparison, an increase in institutional shareholding increased the cost of capital in Pakistan's non-financial sector.

The study examines the systemic risk of banking sector in Pakistan and elucidates the factors that exacerbate the systemic risk taking. First, a systemic risk measure ∆CoVaR is applied to analyze the contribution of individual institution to the whole financial system. Secondly, systemic risk and firm value are modeled in static and dynamic frameworks to measure the factors that build systemic risk and firm value. Most importantly, the study highlights the sector level variables munificence, dynamism and concentration are also important in comprehending the risk dynamics along with the much-emphasized firm and country level variables, notably size, political stability, and bank claims. The results imply that the repercussions of excessive risk taking can be ameliorated by increasing liquidity requirements and having a close watch on leverage. Accordingly, monetary policy should be aligned with macro prudential policy to alleviate systemic risk. Furthermore, the Granger causality results indicate that systemic risk engenders idiosyncratic risk and not vice versa, implying regulation of systemic risk can lower the idiosyncratic risk as well. Last but not the least, systemic risk has positive effect on valuation, implying systemic risk cannot be curbed by sheer market discipline and requires external intervention.

We thank George Themistocleus, who conducted preliminary research on the indentation technique as part of his M.S. project. This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) project "Rhizosphere by Design" (BB/L026058/1, BB/J000868/1, and BB/J011460/1) with support from a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, EPSRC EP/M020355/1 and ERC Consolidator Grant DIMR 646809. The James Hutton Institute receives funding from the Scottish Government. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF