Suchergebnisse

This volume offers a snapshot of the research that is ongoing in the area of value transfer. It provides relevant input for increasing the quality of cost-benefit analyses of projects with environmental and health impacts. The volume includes papers by some of the most influential authors in the area and covers the latest developments in the field.

Machine generated contents note: PART I INTRODUCTION -- 1 Why value cultural heritage? 3 -- Richard C. Ready and Stdle Navrud -- 2 Methods for valuing cultural heritage 10 -- Richard C. Ready and Stdle Navrud -- PART II CASE STUDIES -- 3 Social costs and benefits of preserving and restoring the Nidaros Cathedral 31 -- Stdle Navrud and Jon Strand -- 4 Northumbria: castles, cathedrals and towns 40 -- Guy Garrod and Kenneth G. Willis -- 5 Valuing the impacts of air pollution on Lincoln Cathedral 53 -- Marilena Pollicino and David Maddison -- 6 Preserving cultural heritage in transition economies: a contingent valuation study of Bulgarian monasteries 68 -- Susana Mourato, Andreas Kontoleon and Alexi Danchev -- 7 Valuing different road options for Stonehenge 87 -- David Maddisson and Susana Mourato -- 8 The contribution of aboriginal rock paintings to wilderness recreation values in North America 105 -- Peter Boxall, Jeffrey Englin and Wiktor Adamowicz -- 9 Economic benefits to foreigners visiting Morocco accruing from the rehabilitation of the Fes Medina 118 -- Richard T. Carson, Robert C. Mitchell and Michael B. Conaway -- 10 Component and temporal value reliability in cultural goods: the case of Roman Imperial remains near Naples 142 -- Patrizia Riganti and Kenneth G. Willis -- 11 Valuing reduced acid deposition injuries to cultural resources: marble monuments in Washington, D.C. 159 -- Edward R. Morey, Kathleen Greer Rossmann, -- Lauraine G. Chestnut and Shannon Ragland -- 12 Valuing cultural services in Italian museums: a contingent valuation study 184 -- Marina Bravi, Riccardo Scarpa and Gemma Sirchia -- 13 A contingent valuation study of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen 200 -- Trine Bille -- 14 Individual preferences and allocation mechanisms for a cultural public good: "Napoli Musei Aperti" 238 -- Walter Santagata and Giovanni Signorello -- PART III REVIEW OF STUDIES -- 15 Review of existing studies, their policy use and future research needs 257 -- David Pearce, Susana Mourato, Stdle Navrud and -- Richard C. Ready

Les préférences des consommateurs pour l'électricité à moindre impact environnemental : une approche Choice Modelling De nombreux pays sont confronté au choix entre une continuation de l'investissement dans les combustibles fossiles et un développement poussé des énergies renouvelables tels que l'éolienne et l'hydro-électricité. Tandis que les combustibles fossiles entraînent des émissions de polluants classiques et de gaz à effet de serre, les impacts principaux des énergies renouvelables sont l'intrusion visuelle et des impacts sur l'écologie locale. Par conséquence pour les énergies renouvelables le choix du site et la taille de l'installation deviennent préoccupant pour une décision. Nous avons effectué un Choice Experiment afin d'évaluer les préférences de la population et leur consentement-à-payer (CAP) pour différentes sources d'énergie et leurs caractéristiques. Les résultats montrent que les Norvégiens préfèrent l'électricité éolienne, étant donné le choix entre la continuation de l'importation de l'électricité des centrales de charbon et la construction en Norvège de nouvelles centrales hydro-électriques, des centrales éoliennes et des centrales à gaz naturel. Ils préfèrent aussi le développement de quelques installations éoliennes de grande taille plutôt qu'un grand nombre de petites installations. Pourtant, nous trouvons également un effet Not-In-My-Back-Yard (NIMBY) pour les centrales éoliennes. Le CAP observé est le reflet d'une différence des coûts externes entre ces sources d'énergie et peut être utilisé pour la planification du développement énergétique avec une allocation des investissements qui est économiquement optimale.

The aim of this report is to compare the different methodologies applied in lists/databases of environmental unit costs for use in CBAs and environmental/sustainability reporting. The analysis is based on a core set of lists/databases from a scoping exercise performed by the German Environment Agency supplemented with other recent lists/publications that include relevant data for Germany. 15 unit costs lists and their supporting documents are compared methodologically across 6 main environmental topics: i) greenhouse gases, ii) Local/regional air pollutants (PM10 (including PM2.5), NOX, SO2, NH3, and NMVOC), iii) Eutrophication (N and P) , iv) Other local/regional water and soil pollutants, v) Traffic noise and vi) Land use changes affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services.

We conduct, to our knowledge, the first global meta‐analysis (MA) of stated preference (SP) surveys of mortality risk valuation. The surveys ask adults their willingness to pay (WTP) for small reductions in mortality risks, deriving estimates of the sample mean value of statistical life (VSL) for environmental, health, and transport policies. We explain the variation in VSL estimates by differences in the characteristics of the SP methodologies applied, the population affected, and the characteristics of the mortality risks valued, including the magnitude of the risk change. The mean (median) VSL in our full data set of VSL sample means was found to be around $7.4 million (2.4 million) (2005 U.S. dollars). The most important variables explaining the variation in VSL are gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the magnitude of the risk change valued. According to theory, however, VSL should be independent of the risk change. We discuss and test a range of quality screening criteria in order to investigate the effect of limiting the MA to high‐quality studies. When limiting the MA to studies that find statistically significant differences in WTP using external or internal scope tests (without requiring strict proportionality), we find that mean VSL from studies that pass both tests tend to be less sensitive to the magnitude of the risk change. Mean VSL also tends to decrease when stricter screening criteria are applied. For many of our screened models, we find a VSL income elasticity of 0.7–0.9, which is reduced to 0.3–0.4 for some subsets of the data that satisfy scope tests or use the same high‐quality survey.

AbstractSensitivity to scope in nonmarket valuation refers to the property that people are willing to pay more for a higher quality or quantity of a nonmarket public good. Establishing significant scope sensitivity has been an important check of validity and a point of contention for decades in stated preference research, primarily in contingent valuation. Recently, researchers have begun to differentiate between statistical and economic significance. This paper contributes to this line of research by studying the significance of scope effects in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) using thescope elasticity of willingness to payconcept. We first formalize scope elasticity in a DCE context and relate it to economic significance. Next, we review a selection of DCE studies from the environmental valuation literature and derive their implied scope elasticity estimates. We find that scope sensitivity analysis as validity diagnostics is uncommon in the DCE literature and many studies assume unitary elastic scope sensitivity by employing a restrictive functional form in estimation. When more flexible specifications are employed, the tendency is towards inelastic scope sensitivity. Then, we apply the scope elasticity concept to primary DCE data on people's preferences for expanding the production of renewable energy in Norway. We find that the estimated scope elasticities vary between 0.13 and 0.58, depending on the attribute analyzed, model specification, geographic subsample, and the unit of measurement for a key attribute. While there is no strict and universally applicable benchmark for determining whether scope effects are economically significant, we deem these estimates to be of an adequate and plausible order of magnitude. Implications of the results for future DCE research are provided.

AbstractIn a choice experiment, households in Vietnam are offered flood insurance to mitigate increasing catastrophic flood risks due to climate change. Participants are asked to choose their most preferred insurance policy given expected future flood and mortality risks, insurance cover and associated insurance premiums. Although not affordable to everyone, there exists substantial demand for flood insurance. Insurance demand is spatially differentiated, non-linear in flood probabilities and mortality risks, and subject to significant preference heterogeneity. Since respondents are unfamiliar with the concept of flood insurance and education levels are low, choice consistency tests were conducted. These show that choice consistency depends on a combination of respondent characteristics, such as gender and education level, and experimental design characteristics.