Suchergebnisse

The stabilisation of growth process has been the aspiration of
the nations in modern era. Since the industrial revolution in the world,
most of the developing nations have been in the paradigm of chronic
current account situation, loss in output, high import bill, less
integration of their export sector, and less competitiveness in trade
with the world. The process to devalue their currency may be evaluated
as optimism for the improvement of their national growth that not only
overcome the soaring trade deficit but also may be helpful to compete in
international market. In theoretical literature, there has been
contradiction among the researchers based on its effects in determining
the net output of the economy. Since the work of Cooper (1971) and
Krugman and Taylor (1978), the ambiguity arises for the effects of
currency depreciation on output and their pioneer work explain the
demand side as well as supply side channels through which depreciation
may appear as loss in net output. The devaluation induces higher prices
of tradable products that appear as loss in real balance of the economy
and ultimately result in less output and growth. Some studies [Krugman
and Taylor (1978); Edwards (1986) and Lizondo and Montiel (1989)] also
support to contractionay output hypothesis with the induction of income
redistribution channel that just redistribute income from the wage
earners towards profit earners having the excess savings. This process
ultimately leads to less aggregate demand as well as output via meager
consumption. On the supply side, depreciation of currency result in
higher input cost and less output level [Krugman and Taylor (1978); Van
Wijnbergen (1986)]. In addition, wage indexation mechanism is also
important that reduces the net benefits on producer side and escorts to
the contraction in output [Agenor and Montiel (1996)].

Download the PDF file

Currency depreciation as a channel of output management has been a hot and controversial topic in both developed and developing economies. In Pakistan?s case, relevant research would require study of annual data available for the period 1972 to 2010. The stationarity of variables under consideration at different orders require the application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration. The findings based on open economy IS-LM framework induce a negative effect of currency depreciation on output levels. This is consistent with the long-run estimates of the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model. The short-run estimates of error-correction model (ECM) may lead to significant increment in output levels because of the depreciation of Pakistan rupee. Government spending may cause to reduce the output in the short-run, as well as, in long-run which furnishes strong support to crowding out hypothesis. The terms of trade, positive in the short-run, are negatively related to output in the long-run. However, surprise money has been insignificant in both long-run and short-run ECM. The country would need a clear long-term policy regime that inspires trust of the international community and restores the exporters? confidence.

Energy, being an essential component of every production
process, plays a pivotal role in the growth process of a country. The
production process has undergone a massive transition from labour
intensive to energy intensive techniques [Stern and Cleveland (2004)].
Now, it is widely recognised that industrialisation is an
energy-intensive process; hence, uninterrupted supply of energy is
necessary to keep the production process in run. In addition, high
percapita energy consumption is considered as an indicator of the level
of economic development. This positive correlation between energy
consumption and output growth (and development) led many countries,
particularly developing ones, to design policies for subsidised energy
provision with focus on supply-side in late eighties. At the same time,
some European countries (i.e. Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden)
formulated energy policy focusing on demand-side (energy conservation),
and achieved smaller growth rates in energy consumption without any
reduction in economic growth [Pintz (1986)].

This research investigates the portrayal of women issues by Daily The News International and Daily Times of India during January 2019 to December 2020. It is basically a comparative study of portrayal of women by Pakistani and Indian English elite newspapers. It is a census study conducted by caring out content analysis of 17 editorials of Daily The News International and 25 editorials of Daily Times of India. All editorial sentences are divided into 19 categories according to the nature of data. The researcher used two communication theories (framing and feminism) and concluded that media frame women issues factual based in news and negative in editorials. The study finds out that both newspapers given 21.05% positive, 56.62% negative & 22.32% neutral editorial coverage, so overall coverage remained positive. The researcher finds out that both newspapers (Daily The News International & Daily Times of India) highlight variety of women issues like; murder, honor killing, suicide, kidnapping, torture, sexual harassment, rape, molestation, domestic violence, battering, marriage issues, acid attack, misbehave, fire burning, hurts, lack of political participation, domestic abuse and eloping. The researcher also has given some suggestions for the solution of these kinds of issue. Key Words: Women portrayal, elite press, Indian press, women issue

The current study investigated work-related stress, mental health and copying styles of college teachers based on their demographic attributes. A sample of n=176 (males=115; females=61) lecturers working at the college level was taken and surveyed. Self-structured questionnaires consisted of occupational stress, mental health, and copying style. When comparing two different groups, females were more likely inclined to stress and mental health as compared with males (p < 0.05). Married lecturers reported higher mean scores on mental as compared with unmarried lecturers (p < 0.05). The findings showed that there were no statistically significant changes in the research variables based on the participants' age, experience, or type of employment (p > 0.05), with the exception of copying style based on age (p 0.05). When organizing an intervention programmed to advance and promote mental health, these findings must be taken into account.

This research has been conducted to examine the role of SME`s to eradicate poverty in Pakistan over the period of 2001-2015. The study investigates relationship by using secondary data from World development indicator by estimating simple linear regression model. Results indicate that small medium enterprises have a negative association with poverty and significantly lower poverty rate in Pakistan. SMEs generate employment opportunities which contribute to the poverty alleviation in the economy of Pakistan. Moreover, human capital and government expenditure also significantly reduce poverty in Pakistan. As government expenditure and human capital increase, it causes to lower poverty growth rate. Similarly trade and inflation also have significant association with poverty, however, inflation and poverty have positive association while trade has the negative association with poverty growth rate in Pakistan. The value of R square (0.756) indicates that model is a good fit and F-ratio states the overall significance of the model. Therefore, results suggest that government should adopt the policies that promote SME growth rate, trade openness, human capital, GDP, government development expenditure and lower inflation rate to control poverty in Pakistan.Keywords: SMEs, Poverty reduction, inflation, trade openness, government expenditure.

Based on social exchange theory (SET) and social learning theory (SLT), followers reciprocate the behaviours of their leaders and followers imitate the behaviours of their leaders and try to do the same. Following the tenet, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ethical leadership on organizational trust, work engagement, and job-related affective wellbeing in the COVID-19 context. Data was collected from the nursing staff of three big Pakistani cities hospitals i.e. Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad (as these cities represent the entire population). Out of 700, the 390 survey questionnaires were finalized for data analysis. It was noted that ethical leadership is positively associated with organizational trust, work engagement, and job-related affective wellbeing. Moreover, results revealed that organizational trust is positively associated with work engagement and Job-related effective wellbeing. The hierarchical regression for mediation showed that organizational trust mediates between ethical leadership and (work engagement, Job-related affective wellbeing).

Purpose: In developing countries business incubators (BIs) have become a key catalyst for the flourishment of new ventures, due to overall weak financial health and opportunities for the startups. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of BIs in Pakistan and identify areas that need improvement. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a mixed-method approach of social science research, using a cross-sectional survey of BI tenants in Pakistan (n=100), triangulated with the help of in-depth interviews of key stakeholders of BIs (n=12). Data from cross-sectional survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Paired Samples T-test methods. Data from interview responses were analyzed with the help of MAXQDA. Findings: The study shows that the effectiveness of incubation facilities in Pakistan is less than the perceived importance and identifies which facilities tenants are most and least satisfied with. The findings of this study suggest that for BIs to be more effective in creating new ventures and providing employment opportunities, the Pakistani government must take concrete actions. New BI centers must be established to meet the market's demands and an evaluation process for existing BI centers must be implemented. To aid in the creation of new businesses in Pakistan, more university-based BIs should be established. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings of this study are equally useful for the Government of Pakistan, BIs, and fresh startups.

This research intended to explore deficit and strategies to improve entrepreneurship regarding higher education in Pakistan. The study was descriptive in nature. It would utilize quantitative cum qualitative research techniques. Quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires and qualitative data from interviews. The population was comprised of all teachers and students who are getting entrepreneurship education in Business Incubation Centres (BIC) supported by Higher Education Commission in public sector universities. The sample of the research were 40 teachers and 200 students selected through random sampling technique. Data were analyzed through descriptive and thematic approach. The findings of the study showed that HEC was not playing an active role regarding entrepreneurship and demanded that special funds, infrastructure, and faculty should be provided to promote entrepreneurship. Institutions may offer useful training programs in colleges and universities for better career prospect and also focused on continuous professional development of teachers to enhance entrepreneurship education.

ObjectivesThis article examines cross‐national variation in interreligious favorability across the globe. We develop and test several hypotheses linking globalization to attitudes toward the religious other through mechanisms of religious belonging and contact.MethodsUtilizing cross‐national data in 20 countries from the Pew Global Attitudes Surveys (2011), we run a series of multilevel and logistic regression estimations to test our hypotheses about global contact, religious identity, and interreligious favorability.ResultsWe find that global contact has a positive effect on interreligious favorability, whereas holding religious identity increases negative sentiments toward religious outgroups. We also find that increased levels of globalization inhibit the negative impact of religious belonging and threat perceptions on favorable views of the religious other.ConclusionAlthough globalization increases the salience of religion as an exclusive identity category at the expense of decreased interreligious favorability, individuals become more conducive to interreligious tolerance thanks to frequent social contact at higher levels of globalization.