Suchergebnisse

This paper approaches urbanization from the broader context of land and economic sciences, with a focus on the theoretical framework and practical use of data classification. International organizations, official government bodies, and private research institutions have different views on urbanization, rely on various methods for statics research and data classification. In this paper we overviewed the term from several angles, such as land use and settlements area, population dynamics and regional economics, agriculture and resources use, followed by sustainable development in the context of urban development plans and policies. The proposed conceptual model of urbanization inland and economics science context determined urbanization as both state and ongoing process. As a result of research work, urbanization process and state key data and research metrics were presented and categorized by fields of application and research subfield category. The important section of the urbanization definition is a robust multistage research framework. We believe that it can help other researchers, as well as the author, look like urban growth, history, and development prospects with less bias and with a focus on long-term vision, multidisciplinary approach. Keywords. urbanization, urban economics, land science, land use, legislation. ; Будь-яке ґрунтовне наукове дослідження спирається на термінологію, методологію та дані. Дослідження урбанізації є однією з таких галузей, де на сьогодні не вистачає визначень основних термінів, компонентів цього процесу та ключових показників даних для дослідження та вивчення. Ця робота спрямована на вивчення засобів та методів дослідження процесу урбанізації у широкому контексті наук про землю та економічних наук, з акцентом на теоретичні засади та класифікацію даних для їх практичного використання. Міжнародні організації, офіційні державні органи та науково-дослідні установи різних форм власності мають різний погляд на процес урбанізації, покладаються на різні методи дослідження, статики та класифікації даних. У цій роботі ми провели огляд термінології, що стосується процесу урбанізації, з кількох різних ракурсів, таких як: землекористування та території населених пунктів, динаміка чисельності населення, регіональна економіка, сільське господарство та використання ресурсів з подальшим сталим розвитком у контексті планування міського розвитку та удосконалення законодавства. Запропонована нами модель урбанізації в контексті наук про землю та економічних наук визначила урбанізацію як довготривалий процес державного та місцевого рівнів. За результатами проведеної роботи представлені та класифіковані ключові дані та показники досліджень за прикладною та дослідницькою категоріями. Важливим фактором для вірного і точного формулювання визначення процесу урбанізації є надійна багатовекторна теоретична модель, отримана за результатами досліджень. Ми вважаємо, що це може допомогти іншим науковцям у їх дослідженнях, а також автору даної роботи для розгляду та вивчення процесу розвитку міст, історію їх формування, з акцентом на довгострокове економічне і соціальне планування, спираючись на мультидисциплінарний підхід

The article is focused on analyzing current state of land use by categories, regional economic and financial data to propose new robust model for economically efficient land use planning for commercial and non-commercial enterprises. The research results can serve as an important material for decision making process on how to develop the land and the City areas in context в new global economic development. It provides extensive overview of existing land use trends for in Kyiv city based on analytical data and scientific assumptions. The Author believe that this research will be beneficial for government, city government, international organizations, private institutions, and researchers. The goal of the research paper is to build a solid scientific model based on general understanding of underlying economic challenges of efficient land use considering past data, short term and in long term planning. The paper has an overview of city planning documentation and city statistical data in context of real estate, urban population, economic data, including research of real estate and currency exchange rate data to median salary in Kyiv starting from 2000s. It is important not to put too much focus on the existing models and systems, as they rely too much on the assumptions and complicated calculations, that are hard to make use of in real world planning. Instead we build our research on real-world data and developed a forecast of the size of investment in land use, average real estate prices for the next 5 years. The paper noted an existing problem of inconsistency of the existing norms and regulations in Ukraine concerning rational and effective land use and planning, especially for local authorities and commercial organizations. The author substantiates why the economy in the context of urbanization needs a new look. The paper uses the planning of the city of Kiev. It is a suitable example of a developing city, so the proposed model can be developed based on the city economical and land use data. This research can help solve the existing problems of urbanization in Ukraine and have a positive impact on the economic development of the city and the region.In present times large urban agglomerations serve as none of the major catalysts of economic trends. Urbanization, as process, plays key role in transformation of the local, regional and world economies. Urbanization should be considered an important factor in the development of the economy of both the city and the state. It dictates the path of development of micro- and macroeconomics of regions, although not directly. And in the context of long-term land use and spatial development, this process can play a significant role. The issues of suburban development, industrialization, post-industrialization, environmental problems and the issues of further existence and development of agricultural regions bordering on urban centers (urban agglomerations) cannot be excluded from the field of view. Alongside with new possibilities that arise from large urban economy, great number of challenges that need to be addressed appear. Besides to the economic related issues, irreversible ecology changes (rise of sea level, forest fires etc.) global pandemics and new technologies, manufacturing process must be included in urbanization research. This requires novel approach to how we view city, build economic models, and make forecasts for future development. In this paper we set initial stage for development of such robust economic model, while using data and statistics of Kyiv city. This city can serve as great test ground for proposed model, as it is relatively new urban center, that is part of the developing country economy.The goal of this research work is to analyze current and past land use patterns, outline existing issues and economical inefficiencies in those patterns in large urban city. In addition, we plan to look at land use from several viewpoints, that of the researcher, governmental institutions, commercial company, personal level. This will enable us to make correct assumptions and help build economical model for future land use development. Research work is based on official statistics data, provided by State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kyiv city council, Municipal Enterprise "Kyivgenplan", private real estate companies, economists, and Public cadastral map of Ukraine. We used statistical analytics, mathematical correlation, polynomial and linear approximations, Ratio analysis, utility curves, profit curves and growth models. For predictions modeling key economic parameters were identified. This data was used to build linear dependency models of functions and plotted charts, diagrams based on calculations data.Ukraine does not stand aside from the global challenges of time related to globalization and urbanization. These are indicators such as: significant labor migration, outdated land legislation and inefficient use of land resources. Therefore, the author of the study analyzed the social, environmental, and economic factors influencing the development of the economy of individual united territorial communities of Ukraine with emphasis on the Kyiv city. The main reason for focusing research work on this city is general availability of statistical information and economic data from 2000s.In recent history several events have happened that made dramatic effects on Ukraine and Kyiv land use economics situation. Global financial crisis of 2008 has affected real estate price in Ukraine, in addition to Ukraine currency devaluation. In 2014 military conflict, war, in the east part of Ukraine and Russian annexation of Crimea, had it impact on the housing market, as well as further currency devaluation.Current land area of Kyiv is 82,64 thousand hectares with population of 2 967,4 million people. Land use in Kyiv is classified by following types: Residential buildings; Public buildings; Industrial, research and production and utility territories; Transport infrastructure; Green areas; Water resources; Agricultural companies and other. Analysis of the types of buildings in the capital shows that the largest share in the Residential housing are – private houses 3.76 thousand hectares, and high-rise buildings 8.4 thousand hectares. Non-residential real estate - buildings, premises that are not classified in accordance with the law to the housing stock, are divided into the following types: hotel buildings, office buildings, commercial buildings, garages, industrial buildings and warehouses, buildings for public performances, outbuildings and other buildings.To make better predictions and effectively analyze land use data, we will start with real estate data and general social information - such as monthly salary, average numebr of employees per company, followed by currency exchange rate, average office rent prices and average living apartments price in USD. According to official data, the average salary for full-time employees in 2020 was 16,186 UAH. As of 2018 the highest monthly wage was in the mining industry (44,405 UAH) and the lowest in construction (8,311 UAH), and health care (8,406 UAH). The prices in Kyiv suburbs are much lower than in the city, with average cost of sq. m being around 13,500 UAH.Based on the State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data the housing stock in Kyiv in 2019 had a total area of 59.1 million m2, and an average of 20.2 m2 per person. The total number of apartments in Kyiv was 991.6 thousand. If we look at the state building codes as of 2019, the minimal the minimum area of a one-room apartment is 28 sq. m. At the same time according to State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data in 2019 the average available housing area per single person living in Kyiv was 20,2 sq. m. Let's look at 26600 $ for 28 sq. meters apartment, with average monthly wage of 16,186 UAH, which is 575 $, for an average it will take 46 month to buy an apartment, if there will be no other expenses and salary is tax free. Median flat rent in Kyiv 2020 – 9.4 $ per sq. m., which makes 263.2$ for 28 sq. meters apartment per month or 7401 UAH.Afterwards we conducted study of enterprise operations statistics between 2018 and 2019. The following data was produced as a result - the number of business entities was 294,458 companies, number of full-time employees was 1,149,074 people, the volume of sold products produced by one (average) enterprise was 36,843.35 thousand UAH per year or 3070.2 thousand UAH per month, with the average number of employees in one company being 16 people. Today there are about 500,000 sq. m. of commercial real estate in Kyiv, and according to experts, by the end of 2020 this figure will increase by at least another 150,000 square meters. m.Based on available data we analyzed the average rent price that company need to pay for one month in Kyiv. If one office employee needs at least 6 sq. meters of office space, then the average company that consist of 16 employees will need to rent 96 sq. of office space. Using 2020 data, on average the monthly rent is 2400$ per month, so the company will need to pay 28,800$ per year. The study showed that the average cost of office space as following - 1200$ per sq. m in 2020; 1500$ per sq. m in 2019; 1300$ per sq. m in 2018; 903$ per sq. m in 2017.The author analyzed the dynamics of increasing the number of living apartments by year. In 1995 their number was (in thousands) - 889,4; 2000 – 926,9; 2005 - 984,4; 2010 - 1037,9; 2015 -1112,1; 2018 - 1081,7; 2019 - 991,6. It should be noted that since 2001 the total area is determined taking into account the summer premises with the established reduction factors. Since 2004, the total area of the housing stock and the number of apartments has included data on bankrupt enterprises and those that have completely ceased operations [stat data]. The population of Kyiv, according to official statistics is as following, by year: 1995 – 2643,8 thou. ppl.; 2000 – 2615,3 thou. ppl.; 2005 – 2666,4 thou. ppl.; 2010 – 2785,1 thou. ppl.; 2015 – 2888,0 thou. ppl.; 2018 – 2934,5 thou. ppl.; 2019 – 2950,8 thou. ppl.; 2020 - 2 967,4 thou. ppl. Total income per all officially employed in Kyiv city: 2010 - 5286,46 UAH, 2015 - 6255,92 UAH; 2018 - 13243,96 UAH; 2019 - 17546,89 UAH. The total share of business income and self-employment as compared to total income in Kyiv per year: 2010 – 8%; 2015 – 4,5; 2018 – 6.3%; 2019 – 6.2%.Another trend is the rapid reduction of vacancies in the Kyiv office centers. During the first half of 2019 the growth in demand and the small amount of new supply of office space led to a decrease in the average vacancy rate from 6.5 to 6%, this data was taken from international real estate agency report. In some office buildings the vacancy was in the range of 4-5%. For comparison: in 2016 on average 16% of the areas were vacant in Kyiv business centers, and in 2015 - more than 20% of spaces were vacant. We analyzed which types of industries have formed the highest demand for real estate office rent in Kyiv in recent years to form this trend. The highest percentage is 52% by IT technologies companies; professional services in various fields – 35%; FMCG – 7%; pharmaceutical companies – 3%, energy companies – 2% and agricultural companies – 1%.A new period of urban development requires new theories and qualitatively new research. It is an indisputable fact that urbanization is a process that will continue. Its pace will be determined by the state of the world and regional economy, as well as innovation and the results of the fourth industrial revolution. In our future research, special attention will need to be paid not only to the economic and social components of the urbanization process, but also to environmental factors. Environmental issues are one of the main problems in the process of urbanization. This is due to the rapid development of infrastructure, development of cities and adjacent areas. And as a result - an uncontrolled very rapid increase in population, an increase in the number of personal transport and the development of new enterprises. All these factors negatively affect the quality of life in cities and can reduce the attractiveness of real estate. Therefore, people do not move to such centers, but begin to build others. The proposed Index of economic feasibility of land use by purpose is a result of mathematical modeling of main economic parameters that include land use, such as land price, real estate prices, investments ratios and personal income levels. It will serve as a foundation to build a more robust economic model that will describe conditions needed for future economic growth, efficient land used patterns in urban and sub-urban areas. It should be noted that for making more accurate future predictions, land use patterns and economic data of close (up to 50 km) and distant sub-urban areas (region) should be studied and added to the model. ; У статті автор зосередив увагу на аналізі поточного стану землекористування за видами економічної діяльності підприємств, регіональними економічними та фінансовими даними, щоби запропонувати нову сучасну модель економічно ефективного планування землекористування для комерційних та некомерційних підприємств та установ. Результати досліджень можуть слугувати важливим матеріалом для процесу прийняття рішень про те, як розвивати наявні земельні ділянки та райони міста в контексті нового глобального економічного розвитку. Наведено детальний огляд нинішніх тенденцій землекористування в місті Києві на основі аналітичних даних та наукових гіпотез. Автор статті вважає, що це дослідження буде корисним для урядових організацій, органів місцевого самоврядування, міжнародних організацій, приватних установ та деяких науковців і дослідників.Метою цієї роботи є побудова сучасної наукової моделі, що ґрунтується на загальному розумінні основних економічних проблем ефективного землекористування з урахуванням нинішніх даних, а також короткострокового та довгострокового планування. У статті наведено огляд містобудівної документації та статистичних даних столиці в контексті інформації про нерухомість, міське населення, економічні дані, включно з дослідженнями даних про нерухомість і курс валют до середньостатистичної зарплати в Києві, починаючи з 2000 років. Важливо не надто суттєво зосередитися на нинішніх моделях і системах, оскільки вони занадто покладаються на припущення і складні розрахунки, які важко використовувати в реальному плануванні. Замість цього ми будуємо наші дослідження на реальних даних, тому розробляємо прогноз розміру інвестицій у землекористуванні та середні ціни на нерухомість на найближчі 5 років.У статті відзначено наявну проблему невідповідності сучасних норм і нормативно-правових актів в Україні щодо раціонального та ефективного землекористування та планування, особливо для місцевих органів влади та комерційних організацій. Автор дослідження обґрунтує, чому економіка в умовах урбанізації потребує нового погляду. У статті використовується інформація про планування міста Києва. Київ – вдалий приклад європейського міста, яке інтенсивно розвивається, тому запропоновану модель можна розробити на основі даних міського економічного планування та землекористування. Це дослідження може допомогти вирішити наявні проблеми урбанізації в Україні та позитивно вплинути на економічний розвиток міста та регіону.

Without a doubt agriculture sector is vital part of modern Ukrainian economy. Agriculture is ranked 3rd largest contributor to the national GDP with approx. 17% in 2018 (compared to 14.4% in 2016) of total GDP, followed with industrial sector (26.3%) and services sector (59.3%). It should be noted that it is very promising field in terms of potential economic growth and both regional and international investment opportunities. Food products being a necessity in everyday life of every person. Food and processing industries are the large industries that are interconnected to agricultural cultivation. These industries have great potential to increase the value of agricultural products due to the added value, as not raw materials are sold but finished products that can be consumed in the domestic market and exported. Meanwhile the global process of urbanization and changes in national politics, have had their impact on Ukrainian economy. The number of urban populations is continuing to increase, while great number of work force is migrating to neighboring countries. Several studies state that number of Ukrainian workers living aboard is around 2.5 million people. In this context we plan to investigate and build general forecast model on how urbanization is impacting agricultural land use and certain factors of its impact on economic development of region. On the other hand, we have examples of modern issues, such as climate change caused by rapid urbanization and the irrational use of natural resources. The study showed that urban development requires substantial land rescue for its expansion. By examining closely spatial data of urban and suburban areas, for example that of Kyiv city, agricultural land in suburban areas is used for new construction sites and infrastructural development. Another indirect effect of urban development is ecological changes to the surrounding areas. The affected areas become much less suitable for agricultural uses, require large financial investment and high technologies to renew the soil fertility.Research work that have been conducted in this area focused mostly on financial resources, international politics, and large agricultural holdings of agricultural land use. A lot of work has been done to highlight importance of advocating open land market in Ukraine. While other researchers in their research analyzed specific crop or certain agricultural industry markets. In general, the focus of previous publications was either on the current agricultural export or land use data in Ukraine. The goal of this research paper is to find, establish connections between urbanization and agricultural land use, while focusing attention on possibilities for economic growth and development of effective land use policies. This paper will consider open land market as future possibility; however, it is relations and impact with urbanization falls outside of current research work scope.With this research we plan to describe the connection between rapid urbanization process and changes in agricultural land use from economical perspective. The author focuses his research work and economical modeling on case Ukraine. We plan to showcase changes of agricultural enterprise income, in case of population migration to large urban centers. Additionally, we will study the cases of effective land resource management, where we will study whether it is more profitable for companies to establish the new enterprise closer or inside urban areas as opposed to farmland regions. In this research we plan to highlight the major economical differences of company's startup and operations costs based on available transportation network, land resources and local agricultural specialization. The research work should introduce possible outcomes for small, medium companies, also separating those that are part of international corporate structure and local business. The research will cover whether local company can benefit from urbanization and what are its effects on individual famers earnings. One of the expected research outcomes is to describe how to increase added value of agricultural products with focus on city markets.For this study we used data mining and analytics approaches. During research work we placed great emphasis on determining, locating, and analyzing statistical data from multiple sources. Important art of the research work is identifying right data in context of our research, the one that has clear connection to urbanization process. Spatial data visualization was used to determine key urban centers in Ukraine, as well as locations of agricultural, food and processing companies. Other types of material used are official notional statistics data, European Union public reports, U.S. Department of Commerce datasheets, Kyiv city council, Municipal Enterprise "Kyivgenplan", private companies report, economists' publications, and Public cadastral map of Ukraine. Mathematical framework was used to build robust forecast model. The methodology of the study employed various mathematical tools, such as statistical analytics, polynomial and linear approximations, mathematical correlation, ratio analysis. Besides profit and utility curves were used for growth modeling and global forecast. Spatial data have been outlined as highly effective for predictions modeling and establishing connections with the existing urbanization growth models. Urbanization processes serve as catalyst for land use change and shift in economic activities . As more population migrate to urban centers, remote villages and towns shrink in size, lose work force and often local enterprise become bankrupt or shut down. There is a consequent indirect effect of urbanization on agriculture land use that is when local community become poor or bankrupt, the farmlands are rented by large agricultural holdings. Many researchers noted that agricultural holdings have no interest in development of local communities or investment in local business. Even though they employ local people, the average income of holdings farm employees is much lesser, then those farmers whose lands are in private use or those working in agricultural sector in neighboring European Union countries. The average salary is important factor when looking at land use by large companies since agricultural holdings business goals centered about exporting raw resources and they are registered as business entities in offshore countries.The scope of current research works is limited to the analyses of medium to large size food and processing companies, that operate in local Ukrainian market, with brief overview of food products export business. To build economical model the existing transport infrastructure in Ukraine and its neighboring European countries was studied and used in system analyses. Author analyzed available human resources, amount of investments, industry type and available transportation connections. As a part of research work, physical geographical placement (distance by road) of food and processing production companies relative to closest and regional urban center positions have been outlined. A large array of economical and spatial data has been processed. It was determined that parts of this data have low correlation levels, which makes it difficult to include for modeling purposes. Author made decision to make the necessary edits, generalization to simplify the initial economical model.To build a research model we will make the following assumptions and data sets. Let us use the city of Kyiv as the main market for food products, i.e. it is the largest city in Ukraine, with a huge number of food products consumers and significant financial resources. We shall label it as an urban center for this research work. It is important to note that new companies and international corporations choose to establish their business in the Kyiv or in the 50-kilometer zone from it. For modeling we will choose 12 enterprises, which are located both in the capital and in different regions of Ukraine - west, south, east and center. We rank the selected enterprises by the number of employees.In the context of our economic modeling, consider the land market, namely: the average cost of rent of 1 hectare per year, the location of the enterprise in an industrial region or in a separate settlement. Note that the production capacity of the investigated enterprises is concentrated in one production site (complex). However, the exception is the corporation "Milk Alliance" which has 5 separate production facilities, we will focus on the largest of them, located in the city of Yagotyn (others are located in Peratyn, Zolotonosha, Bashtanka).It is reported that the total area of land plots in Ukraine is 60.4 million hectares, of which 42.4 million hectares are agricultural land (32 million hectares are cultivated per year), the area of built-up land plots is 2550.4 thousand hectares. Land for industrial purposes, which includes the food industry is 224.1 thousand hectares. The cost of annual lease of land in Ukraine for 2019 population 3518 UAH/hectare per year.At the same time, the statistics by region are as follows: Kyiv - 2694 UAH per year; Kyiv region - 3474 UAH per year; Zhytomyr and region – 4000 UAH per year; Mykolaiv Oblast – 4103 UAH per year; Kharkiv and oblast – 3152 UAH per year; Odessa region – 4065 UAH per year; Lviv region - 4172 UAH per year; Donetsk oblast - 1832 UAH per year. It is planned that in 2020 the total revenues to local budgets from land rent will amount to 185,714,285 UAH per year.To understand the general picture of the relationship and economic performance of enterprises located in Kyiv and different regions of Ukraine, we shall consider Kyiv as a self-sufficient object, both in terms of products sales and production. The largest food retailers have opened more than 575 stores in Kyiv as of 2018, and more than 60 new stores are opened each year. The production of food, beverages and tobacco by Kyiv enterprises is 46.6% of the total industrial production, which employs 1,730,000 people (7.4% of total in Kyiv), and the average wage in industry is from 16,511 UAH/month in 2019. In total, there are 9069 industrial enterprises in the capital, which employ 278,863 people, the volume of products sold by industrial enterprises of Kyiv in 2019 amounted to 892,1765,46.2 thousand UAH. At the same time, there are 7351 natural persons-entrepreneurs operating in the capital (11,877 people are employed, the volume of sold products is 5,622,011.9 thousand UAH) in industry, including the volume of products sold by food industry enterprises – 125,140,998.9 thousand UAH according to 2019 data.It should be noted that in Kyiv the main industrial capacities of food and processing enterprises are concentrated in the following areas: Industrial zone " Degtyarivska Street" covers an area of 17.7 hectares; Podilsko-Kurenivskyi industrial district - 539.5 hectares, Pirogovo industrial zone - 121.9 hectares; Voskresensky industrial district - 107.2 hectares.For economic analysis we focused on comparison of three large enterprises of Ukraine, typical for the agricultural sector and food industry, one of which is in Kyiv – "Astrata", "Sandora" and "Kyivhlib". For calculations of transportation costs let's use the following data, 20 to 22 tons van will charge 27 UAH per km outside of Kyiv, while 10 tons van charges 20 UAH per km outside of Kyiv and 250 UAH per km within Kyiv.The "Astrata" corpopration, a large agricultural enterprise, has 5,470 employees, 230,000 hectares of land (aprox. 1514090000 UAH per yar for land rent), with Net profit of 12,631,155,000, Gross profit of 2,432,488,000 UAH, and a total salary expenditure of UAH 427,597,000 (average per employee 6514 UAH per month). For our research we are using one of the sugar processing factories that is part of Astrata holding, it is in Hlobyne, Poltavska oblast. The distance from Hlobyne to Kyiv center is 287 km, so it will cost 7749 UAH per large van to transport products to Kyiv.One of the largest food manufacturers in Ukraine is "Sandora". It consists of 3230 employees, total salary expenses - 630 128 thousand UAH (average per employee 16,257 UAH per month), have a land area of 1.3646 hectares (aprox. 5600 UAH per yar for land rent) and a unit cost of production - 22.66 UAH per liter of apple. Single 10-ton van will charge 10020 UAH to transport products to Kyiv (501km distance to the city center).For Kyiv study we picked "Kyivhlib", which has 1911 employees, total salary expenses – 168,227 thousand UAH (average per employee 14,019 UAH per month), have a land area of 8 hectares (aprox. 21552 UAH per yar for land rent) and the unit cost of production - 14.9 UAH per kg of rye-wheat bread. It will cost 7500 UAH to transport products within 30 km of Kyiv center by 10-ton van. Distance from the production location to the market is not always proportional to net profit. The research results have proved that it is worth examining the data from the same sub-industries companies in several regions, with focus on large cities as main market for those companies' products. ; The paper is devoted to studying the economic and social connections between the urbanization process and agricultural land use in Ukraine. It is worth noting that both urbanization and agriculture require new lands for their future development. The important part of this connection is ecology and effective use of the available resources, as well as land use in the context of urbanization. After all, the process of urbanization can have a significant negative impact on the state of land resources. The research work determines which economic factors of urbanization are the most relevant to the land use in city suburbs and agricultural regions. The article introduces the notion of economic feasibility of land use by purpose and studies cases of food and processing companies. Food and processing industries were chosen as the main research subjects since they are the most promising fields for the future economic development of each individual region and country as a whole. These industries are centered around both import and export, besides producing added value products. Cities without a doubt are the main consumers of food products and at the same time, they drain labor resources from the countryside. In this research work, we studied the global situation in Ukraine, how 21-century urbanization has affected the agricultural sector in the country. This sector has experienced rapid growth in past decades, as opposed to industrial and manufacturing sectors, and increased the national wide level of land use. While the national wide level of urbanization might not be the highest in modern history (20th to 21st century), it continues to have a wide impact on the national economy. The scope of this impact falls outside of this research work as it consists of multidimensional data and a wide range of interdependencies, including policies and regulations. Research models require a large amount of data and cases, that's why we focused on the food and processing sector in this paper. They proved to be a good test ground to study the urbanization impact patterns as well as make economical modeling more convenient. In this context, the peculiarities of land use models were studied, as food and processing industries use land resources, can be located both inside the city, suburban area, or in remote farmland region. It is evident that cities and businesses form large supply and demand of natural resources, labor, and financial investments.

The paper analyses the underlying economic factors of the large cities, urban center in different geographical regions. It describes the ecological consequences of extensive land use in the urban region, determine the expenses of the city budget of the ecology related factors, such as trash collection and utilization, carbon emissions reduction, level of green areas, costs of their maintenance and sustainable development. The future projections are based on the Paris climate agreement and national or city level plan of sustainable development till 2035. The article deals with difference of income, land prices and land use models of the large cities, how they are different and like other metapolicies worldwide and in the geographical region. The paper examined the issue of how government regulate land use in the context of the large city, legal status of the cities and what role they pay in economic development. The determining economic principles that were introduced in this research are land prices for different use cases, such as industrial, commercial, and residential relative to general level of economic development of the city. Other key factors are rent prices withing the context of income and number of employees, corporations that operate in the city. Following cities Shanghai, New York, Mexico City, Paris, and Kyiv, were picked to analyze the land use patterns, ecology related expanse and future forecast modeling. In this paper we highlighted several key differences between those cities. Size of the urban land area and metropolitan areas are where most of differences are. While the geographical boundaries of the core city itself or the downtown areas produced similar results, regardless of the city geographical or economic development levels. Results of economic modeling of the ecological related budget spending, sustainable development 2035 plan, highlight that cities with larger budgets, such as NY city or Shanghai, spend relatively to the total sum less on the ecology, while cities that encountered with ecological problems, such as Mexico City, plan to spend more on the future sustainable development. At the same time, some cities in the countries that signed Paris agreement, do not have specific economical plans on future development, such as Kyiv. Keywords. Urbanization, economics, land use, land management, ecology price, economic modeling. ; У статті проаналізовано основні економічні фактори, що впливають на розвиток великих міст та міських центрів у різних географічних регіонах світу. Автор описує екологічні наслідки екстенсивного землекористування у міських регіонах, визначає видатки з міських бюджетів на такі екологічні фактори, як збір та використання сміття; зменшення викидів вуглецю; рівень зелених насаджень, витрати на їх утримання та сталий розвиток. Розрахунки екологічного прогнозування та економічних наслідків, що переведені в статті, базуються на Паризькій кліматичній угоді та національному або міському плані сталого розвитку до 2035 року. Стаття присвячена різниці дохідної частини бюджетів міст-мегаполісів, цінам на землю та моделям землекористування у великих містах. Представлено дані, по відмінностям та подібності між мегаполісам, що розташовані в різних географічних регіонах.У статті розглядалось питання про те, як уряд регулює використання земель у контексті великого міста, правовий статус міст та яку роль вони відіграють в економічному розвитку. Визначальними економічними принципами, які були запроваджені в цьому дослідженні, є ціни на землю для різних випадків використання, таких як промислові, комерційні та житлові, щодо загального рівня економічного розвитку міста. Іншими ключовими факторами є ціни на оренду житла в залежності від доходу та кількості працівників, корпорацій, що працюють у місті. Наступні міста Шанхай, Нью-Йорк, Мехіко, Париж та Київ були обрані для аналізу моделей землекористування, екологічних витрат та майбутнього моделювання витрат на сталий розвиток. У цій роботі ми висвітлили кілька ключових відмінностей між обраними містами. Розмір міських земель та зон урбанізації - це найбільший фактор відмінності, окрім бюджетних витрат, що пов'язані з екологією. Слід зазначити, що показники площі географічних меж центральної частини міста і прилеглих до нього районів міста дали подібні результати, незалежно від географічного розташування та рівня економічного розвитку міста. Результати економічного моделювання бюджетних витрат, пов'язаних з екологією, план сталого розвитку на 2035 рік підкреслюють, що міста з більшими бюджетами, такі як Нью-Йорк чи Шанхай, витрачають на відносну суму менше на екологію, тоді як міста, які стикалися з екологічними проблемами, такі як Мехіко планують витратити більше на майбутній сталий розвиток. У той же час деякі міста країн, які підписали Паризьку угоду, не мають конкретних економічних планів щодо подальшого розвитку, наприклад, Київ.Ключові слова. Урбанізація, економіка, землекористування, управління земельними ресурсами, витрати на екологію, економічне моделювання.

In today's world, the decision-making process of urban development in the context of its economic development is implemented by governments, local authorities, international organizations or private bodies, as well as officials, based on a wealth of information, analytical data and scientific assumptions. According to the author, the main challenge in planning and making adjustments to existing documents, such as a city development plan, is the lack of a holistic picture and general theoretical models that could be used by the above institutions and officials in practice. Undoubtedly, in this scientific work we are only making the first step towards building such a model. That is why it is advisable to start by analyzing existing data and accepted models in order to have a clear picture of the situation and to take further steps towards the creation of a common urbanization model, taking into account environmental, industrial and other contemporary challenges, without repeating the mistakes of existing models and systems, and focus on the practical implementation of such a model and direction for the future.The problem of inconsistency of the existing norms and regulations in Ukraine, concerning the rational and effective land use and planning in the long term, is noted. The author places an emphasis why economics in the context of urbanization needs a new look. The author studies as a city planning case, the of the city of Kyiv, as such that it is possible to develop and develop a new approach that will solve the existing problems of urbanization and positively influence the development of the economy of the city and the region.Urbanization is an important factor in the development of the economy of the city and the state, which to some extent does not directly dictate the path of development of the micro- and macroeconomics of the regions. Under this condition's globalization can play a significant role in influencing them. The issues of suburban areas development, industrialization, post-industrialization, environmental problems, and issues of the continued existence and development of agricultural regions bordering urban centers (urban agglomerations) cannot be excluded.Keywords: urbanization, economics, modern city problems, land management, zoning, spatial planning, strategic planning ; Анотація: У сучасному світі процес прийняття рішень про розбудову міста в контексті його економічного розвитку реалізується урядами країн, місцевими органами влади, міжнародними організаціями чи приватними установами, а також посадовими особами, на основі великої кількості інформації, аналітичних даних та наукових припущень. На думку автора, основним викликом при плануванні та внесенні коректив до існуючих документів, наприклад, таких як план розвитку міста, є відсутність цілісної картини та загальних теоретичних моделей, які можна було б використати вищезазначеними інституціями та посадовими особами на практиці. Безперечно, у цій науковій праці ми робимо лише перший крок на шляху до побудови такої моделі. Саме тому, доцільно почати з аналізу існуючих даних і прийнятих моделей, щоб мати чітке уявлення про стан речей та розробити подальші кроки на шляху до створення загальної моделі урбанізації, з врахуванням екологічних, індустріальних та інших сучасних викликів, не повторюючи помилок існуючих моделей та систем, а сфокусуватися на практичному впровадженні такої моделі і напрямку дослідження в майбутньому. Відзначено проблему невідповідності існуючих норм і регламентів в Україні, тих що стосуються раціонального та ефективного землекористування і планування у довгостроковій перспективі. Автор обґрунтовує, чому саме економіка в контексті урбанізації потребує нового погляду. Наводить, як приклад, планування міста Києва, як таке що можна розвивати та розробити новий підхід, який дозволить вирішити існуючі проблеми урбанізації і позитивно вплинути на розвиток економіки міста та регіону. Урбанізація - це важливий фактор розвитку економіки міста та держави у цілому, котрий певною мірою не напряму диктує шлях розвитку мікро- та макроекономіки регіонів, що в умовах глобалізації може відігравати значну роль. Не можна виключати з поля зору і питання розвитку приміських зон, індустріалізацію, пост-індустріалізацію, екологічні проблеми та питання подальшого існування та розвитку сільськогосподарських регіонів, які межують з урбаністичним центрами (міськими агломераціями).Ключові слова: урбанізація, економіка, сучасні проблеми міст, управління земельними ресурсами, зонування, просторове планування, стратегічне планування.

The article deals with the features of regulation of financing of capital investments by budgetary and autonomous institutions. After the reform of the system of state and municipal institutions (2011-2013), the budget and autonomous institutions were given a special financial and legal status. The procedure for capital investment has changed many times in recent years. In the article the tendencies of changing the legislation in this sphere in recent years are considered. A transitional period was established within three years after the reform of the system of state and municipal institutions, during which public authorities could independently determine the form of capital investment by subordinated budgetary and autonomous institutions. Institutions could make capital investments in the manner determined for the recipients of budgetary funds in 2011 and 2012, as well as receive subsidies or be vested with the powers of the state customer (in 2013). Since 2014, two forms of capital investment have been established at the federal level (subsidies and budget investments). In the article two existing forms of capital investments are considered, their comparative analysis is carried out. In accordance with the current legislation, subsidies for capital investments are made for the purpose of creating fixed assets for the needs of budgetary and autonomous institutions. The institution in this case does not become a participant in the budgetary process. Budgetary investments are provided for the purpose of creating an object for the needs of public institutions or public (municipal) authorities. The institution in this case acts on behalf of the public (municipal) authority. The conclusion is made about the expediency of the existence of two forms of financing capital investments. The possible areas of granting budgetary investments to state and municipal institutions are considered. ; Статья посвящена особенностям регулирования вопросов финансирования капитальных вложений бюджетными и автономными учреждениями. После проведения реформы системы государственных и муниципальных учреждений (2011-2013 гг.) бюджетным и автономным учреждениям был присвоен особый финансово-правовой статус. Порядок осуществления капитальных вложений неоднократно менялся за последние годы. В статье рассмотрены тенденции изменений законодательства в данной сфере за последние годы. В течение трех лет после реформы системы государственных и муниципальных учреждений был установлен переходный период, во время которого органы государственной власти могли самостоятельно определять форму осуществления капитальных вложений подведомственными бюджетными и автономными учреждениями. Учреждения могли осуществлять капитальные вложения в порядке, определенном для получателей бюджетных средств в 2011 г. и 2012 г., а также получать субсидии либо наделяться полномочиями государственного заказчика (в 2013 г.). Начиная с 2014 г., на федеральном уровне закреплены две формы осуществления капитальных вложений: субсидии и бюджетные инвестиции. В статье рассмотрены эти два способа осуществления капитальных вложений, проведен их сравнительный анализ. В соответствии с действующим законодательством субсидии на капитальные вложения предоставляют в целях создания объектов основных средств для нужд бюджетных и автономных учреждений. Учреждение в таком случае не становится участником бюджетного процесса. Бюджетные инвестиции предоставляют в целях создания объекта для обеспечения деятельности казенных учреждений или государственных (муниципальных) органов. Учреждение в таком случае выступает от имени государственного (муниципального) органа. Сделан вывод о целесообразности существования двух форм финансирования капитальных вложений. Рассмотрены возможные области предоставления бюджетных инвестиций государственным и муниципальным учреждениям.

In current conditions, it is important to determine the strategic directions of forestry development, while relying on the current regulatory and legislative framework and to have objective information on the state and dynamics of the forest fund. We studied the state and dynamics of the forest fund using modern information technology on the example of the State Enterprise "Balakliya Forestry". The calculation of the optimal distribution of planting areas by age groups was based on the age of felling and the necessity of the normal distribution of tree stands by age classes. Observations at 1st level forest monitoring plots were carried out annually during the period 2001‑2015according to the standard method, harmonized with the methodology of forest monitoring in Europe (ICP-Forests). The health condition of the pine forests according to the monitoring results of the 1st level (2001‑2015) is satisfactory, the average percentage of defoliation is 3.3%, the discoloration is 6.5%, and the share of damaged trees is 8.0%. Within the studied object, both positive and negative changes of growth and development of forest stands were identified. Positive changes include an increase of the forest fund and forest lands areas in general in the enterprise, but, at the same time, there is a decrease in the area covered with forest vegetation of forest areas. Within them, the reduction of the area of the forest stands of the main forest species, such as pine and oak, is recorded, whereas the reverse tendency of the growth of areas of Common ash, Norway maple, Black locust is traced. In addition, decreasing of the average productivity index (by 0.5), density of stocking (by 0.05), and average change in growing stock (by 0.5) was observed. At the same time, the average growing stock per hectare and the total stock of mature and overmature tree stands is increasing, due to the natural growth of the stands, but the intensity of the accumulation of stock decreases every year. At present, a large area of the forestry is attributed to the objects of the nature reserve fund and restrictions were imposed on forestry measures. This limits in some extent the ability to create forest stands that fully correspond to the model of a normal forest, in which all forest stands should be formed by economic-valuable species, have the maximum possible current timber increment, should be evenly distributed by age classes. ; Виявлено особливості динаміки показників стану та продуктивності лісів за 40років на прикладі ДП "Балаклійське ЛГ". Проаналізовано динаміку лісового фонду в межах категорій земель за період з 1970по 2010рр. Відзначено зменшення частки лісових ділянок та збільшення вкритих лісовою рослинністю. Наведено розподіл площ вкритих лісовою рослинністю лісових ділянок за панівними породами, відзначено зменшення площ деревостанів головних лісотвірних порід (сосни звичайної та дуба звичайного) та збільшення другорядних (ясена звичайного, клена гостролистого, робінії звичайної), що свідчить про недоліки у веденні лісового господарства. Зменшення площі соснових насаджень відбулось через загибель насаджень сосни звичайної внаслідок пожеж та в осередках кореневої губки, а також у зоні негативного впливу ПАТ "Євроцемент-Україна". Встановлено, що наявний поділ деревостанів за групами віку значною мірою відрізняється від оптимального: молодняків та пристиглих насаджень майже вдвічі менше від оптимального, тоді як середньовікових значно більше. Наведено показники стану лісів за даними моніторингу за період 2001–2015рр. Аналізуючи середні таксаційні показники, зафіксовано значне збільшення віку насаджень, зменшення показників середнього класу бонітету і повноти та втрати щорічного приросту. Виявлено як позитивні, так і негативні тенденції в рості та розвитку лісових насаджень.