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This paper examined the impact of climate adaptation strategies employed by Underutilised Indigenous Vegetables (UIVs) farmers on UIVs' net revenue of adopters and non-adopters of adaptation strategy in Southwest Nigeria. This was with a view to determine the factors that determined UIVs net revenue in the study area. Both quantitative and qualitative primary household data from 191 UIVs producers, with secondary climate data from Nigeria Meteorological agency were used. An efficient endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) was used to estimate the effect of climate change adaptation strategy on UIVs net revenue. The results show that farmers' perception of climate change showed a high temperature and a high variability in rainfall pattern. The adaptation strategies mostly employed by the UIVs farmers is cultivating along river banks (98%) while the least was agroforestry and perennial plantation (4%). Meanwhile, all the farmers who adopted farmers that adopted Agroforestry and perennial plantation and Agricultural good practices did not experience loss in UIVs production. The factors that determined the likelihood of adopting climate adaptation strategy include years of experience (0.0335, p<0.1) in UIVs production, access to climate information (0.7895, p<0.1) and agro ecological zone (0.7889, p<0.1). Further, factors that determine the net revenue from UIVs for adopters were access to information on climate change 0.2428, p<0.1), off-farm income (0.6526, p<0.01), precipitation (0.0045, p<0.1), precipitation square (0.−0.00002, p<0.1) and Ondo location (0.4470, p<0.05). Age (0.1261, p<0.1), agro ecological zone (4.2682, p<0.1), off-farm income (−1.1765, p<0.05) and precipitation square (0.0001, p<0.01) determined the UIVs revenue for non-adopters. The promotion of UIVs should therefore be advocated by the government and non-government agencies since high temperature does not have significant effect on its revenue. Also, provision of relevant information on climate change is essential for farmers as this will enhance farmers' likelihood of adopting appropriate climate change adaptation strategy considering the type of crop they cultivate and the peculiarity of their agro ecological zones. Also, vegetables' farmers are encouraged to engage in agroforestry and perennial plantation.

Value chain development (VCD) with smallholders forms a central element of the poverty reduction strategies of governments and NGOs in developing countries. Nevertheless, too little is known about how VCD interventions are designed and implemented, the approaches and tools used, and the challenges faced in the process. This paper helps to fill this gap with evidence from six cases in Uganda. For each case, data was collected from interviews with NGOs, government organizations, buyers, and smallholder business organizations. Results indicate that use of available VCD guides and tools facilitated productive partnerships among chain actors, engagement with support organizations, and feedback mechanisms on intervention processes. Results also challenge NGOs, government agencies, and researchers to better understand the circumstances of resource-poor chain actors, the implications of VCD on gender relations, and the cultural and business context when designing and implementing VCD. This calls for stakeholders to employ a broader approach to VCD, using a combination of available and new tools, and to seek out deeper collaboration with key actors within and outside the value chain.

This paper is an original empirical tentative to explain collective action outcome in the domain of food safety. We examine conditions and institutions that influence pesticide residues level in vegetables using econometric analysis on data gathered by 60 farmers organizations in Vietnam. Findings suggest that collective action affects safety by providing members with technical assistance, monitoring and certification. The expected increase of free-riding in larger groups is not an issue when members are properly supported and monitored. The contribution of public authorities and ecological conditions to safety remains controversial while market forces do not seem able to drive the production of safer vegetables.

The Farmer Business School (FBS) is a participatory, action learning process focused on product and business development, and like the Farmer Field School, is a complex, multi-dimensional innovation with the potential to benefit large numbers of farming households economically, socially and institutionally. Scaling this approach requires rethinking both innovation and scaling. The paper draws on the insights of recent research which argues that a systems approach to innovation can better address the complexity of scaling processes and provides frameworks that link together processes of innovation and scaling. In examining these frameworks, the paper identifies the key role of partnership dynamics in those processes. Drawing on both the innovation and scaling literature and literature on partnership dynamics, a conceptual framework is developed to analyze how partnership dynamics contribute to and constrain the transition from small-scale 'niche' innovation testing led by researchers, to large scale integration of the approach by development partners in agricultural 'regimes'. Using case studies involving partnerships between a small international agricultural research grant recipient and six large development projects supported by IFAD multilateral loans and managed by government agencies undertaken in four Asian countries between 2011 and 2018, the study analyses the variable dynamics of the partnerships from initial networking to integrated collaboration, in the process of scaling the FBS innovation. Responding to the main research question about the drivers of partnership dynamics that contribute to scaling, the paper examines the partnerships in terms of six drivers which derived both from the literature and also from the empirical evidence presented in the study. The drivers include two dimensions of "fit", one about the convergence of research expertise and development demand, the other about the systematic integration of the innovation with different elements of the development actions. Other drivers relate to the issue of the convergence of project cycles, the stability of staffing in partner organizations, internal decision-making processes and the dimension of "partnering" – the value-based and behavioral aspects of collaboration. The paper also discusses the results of a "partnership health check-up" process conducted periodically during the partnerships and reconsiders the driver about system fit to understand the extent to which there had been a transformation in the conventional 'regime' approach to innovations and scaling. Finally, the paper proposes to adjust the conceptual framework based on the analysis of these partnerships for scaling innovations.