Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe Tunisian government has long admitted that its excessively centralized administrative and political systems have generated heavy costs in terms of inefficiency and citizen alienation. A major decentralizing reform effort was launched in the mid‐1970s, the most important parts of which dealt with changes in local taxation powers, and in the sources and size of grants and loans which Tunisian communes receive from national sources. The result to date has been a modest increase in communal revenues from the new or increased taxes, and a more significant increase in central government grants to local governments. Smaller and more rural communes are heavily dependent on grants to undertake development actions, their tax base being negligible. The revised systefn generates more revenue, and distributes resources more equitably, than the previous arrangements. In theory, it gives a greatly increased latitude to elected communal councils. Nonetheless, the local governments‐and the communes in particular‐remain severely constrained by central government authorities. The conclusion is that the decentralization reform has been partial and halting, and will in all probability continue in the same manner.

In less-developed countries generally, and Africa in particular, centralised forms of political and economic organisation were until recently the norm. But over the past 15 years, this form of government has come under attack, and excessive centralisation is now viewed as a primary contributor to prevailing high levels of inefficiency and ineffectiveness. Various forms of decentralisation – the shifting of responsibilities and resources from central to sub-national units and actors – have been proposed as the necessary corrective mechanisms. Algeria, Kenya, the Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Zambia have been among the African countries which have implemented programmes aimed at strengthening the personnel, finances, and freedom of manoeuvre of non-central agencies and governments.

Analyse der jüngsten und noch andauernden Bemühungen Marokkos um eine Dezentralisierung und Reform seines Regierungs- und Verwaltungssystems (Finanzstrukturen, Organisation des öffentlichen Dienstes etc.). Schon heute sind Erfolge erkennbar bei der finanziellen Situation der lokalen Regierungen, der umfassenden Restrukturierung regionaler, provinzieller und besonders kommunaler Institutionen sowie bei der Personalausstattung auf den dezentralen Ebenen

L'analyse fonctionnaliste de la société algérienne attribue une grande importance aux facteurs religieux.psychologiques et culturels. Ses conclusions sont vraisemblables mais troublantes. L'analyse néo-marxiste ou progressiste prétend expliquer la société algérienne sans avoir recours aux facteurs religieux ou culturels. L'utilité de la critique marxiste ressort quant elle écarte les prétentions du régime algérien au statut d'Etat socialiste ou pré-socialiste. Mais les difficultés d'appliquer les concepts classiques du marxisme à l'Algérie contemporaine sont insurmontables. Des conclusions convaincantes découlent néanmoins de ces raisonnements défectueux. En ce moment, la seule façon intelligente de comprendre l'Algérie c'est par un mélange hybride de fonctionnalisme et de marxisme. Il est entendu que l'un et l'autre élément de ce mélange est inachevé.