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The contemporary commodity boom is unprecedented in two ways. On the one hand, it takes place against the backdrop of the failure of neoliberal policies to achieve stable economic growth in Latin America. On the other hand, Left-of-centre governments, which have now been in power for over a decade, are designing new strategies to manage the increase in export earnings accrued from sustained international demand for commodities. In particular, Brazil and Chile have undergone significant market opening reforms in their resource sectors, yet persistent state ownership and the dominant role of state enterprises in key extractive industries continue to characterise their growth models. This article explains this puzzle through the application of Mahoney and Thelen's (2010) historical institutionalist framework on incremental change. In so doing, it offers a process-oriented approach in exploring how resource wealth under certain economic and political conditions provides leverage for states to promote economic development. In sum, the article hopes to contribute to the literature on neoliberal and post-neoliberal political economies in Latin America. Adapted from the source document.

Transnational activism related to social justice claims is a watershed research area in social movements research. In particular, trade protests have a transnational dimension that was marked by the collapse of the Ministerial Meeting at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to push for further liberalisation. Between 2001 and 2007, several protests targeted international institutions representing neoliberalism. Disruptive and sporadic in nature, global protests aimed to derail the deepening of the neoliberal development model using the free trade debate as a core policy arena. This article maps out a framework to analyse social mobilisation led by civil society actors at the regional level where it emphasises collective identity-building as a central tenet to successfully change the politics of trade policy making. In this paper, I examine the insufficiency of political opportunity structures as an explanation to regional level activism. Whilst the existence of regional institutions as targets and democratisation as a window of opportunity to mobilise are relevant explanations, transnational activism requires more identity construction to forge transnational solidarity. The paper shows this using the cases of the anti-free trade network in Southeast Asia and the anti-FTAA movement in Latin America, particularly the Hemispheric Social Alliance. Whilst Southeast Asian activists frame anti-free trade positions in a less radical fashion, the HSA used trade protests as a springboard for further mobilisation against the broader neoliberal agenda. And although framing processes in activist coalitions have some imilarities, especially at the level of global movement, more differences can be found with regard to strategies due to the contrast in contexts of activism, which overall reflect collective identity formations in regions. Finally, 'cycles of protests' in Latin America and Southeast Asia demonstrate how previous protests against trade liberalisation in Latin America bring about more protests compared to Southeast Asia, wherein only anti-FTA campaigns have emerged and where other forms of neoliberal resistance have yet to be linked to the FTA campaigns. ; Abstract Introduction Transnational Anti-Free Trade Movements in Latin America and Southeast Asia: An Overview Political Opportunities for Mobilisation in Southeast Asia and Latin America Regionalisation as Political Spaces in Latin America and Southeast Asia From Transnational to Domestic Institutional Structures Framing Processes and Collective Identity Building in Transnational Social Movements Framing Resistance: Comparisons between Latin America and Southeast Asia in the Global Context Challenges in Collective Identity Building Conclusions Bibliography

The political economy landscape has shifted as multinational corporations increase their investment efforts, changing the geographies of extraction. The contributors make the argument for the need of new theoretical perspectives anchored in critical political economy to address structural dynamics in the global industry