Suchergebnisse

Resumen.Con datos de una encuesta oficial de hogares, se verifican el axioma del «lujo» y el axioma de la «sustitución» para explicar el trabajo infantil en Nepal. Ambos parecen confirmarse: a más ingresos per cápita de un hogar, menos horas de trabajo infantil, y cuando los adultos no trabajan por enfermedad, estas horas aumentan. Las niñas trabajan más que los niños. Otros factores que reducen el trabajo infantil son: las becas de estudios, la escolarización en escuelas privadas, el número de hermanos y los años de escolaridad de los adultos. En cambio, un mayor consumo no correlaciona con menos horas de trabajo infantil.

Résumé.Partant d'une enquête auprès des ménages du Népal, les auteurs testent les hypothèses dites du luxe et de la substitution à propos du travail des enfants. Les deux semblent vérifiées: l'augmentation du revenu par tête d'un ménage réduit la durée du travail des enfants, et l'absence d'un adulte du travail pour cause de maladie augmente cette durée. Les filles font plus d'heures que les garçons. Les autres variables qui réduisent la durée du travail des enfants sont: les aides à la scolarisation, la scolarité privée, la présence de frères et sœurs au foyer, la durée de la scolarité des parents. Toutefois, l'augmentation de la consommation n'induit pas une réduction de la durée du travail des enfants.

Abstract.Using official household survey data, the authors test two axioms regarding child labour in Nepal. Both the "luxury" and the "substitution" axioms appear to hold in the case of Nepal's child labour: a household's higher per capita income reduces child work hours; and the absence from work of an adult household member owing to illness increases child work hours. Girls work more hours than boys. Other variables reducing child work hours are: scholarship provision, private schooling, the presence of siblings at home, and adults' years of schooling. However, higher consumption is not effective in reducing child work hours.

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effect of different types of cookstoves on firewood demand at the household level. Using nationally representative household survey data from Nepal, we find that stove type significantly affects the firewood demand for household uses. Traditional mud-stove user households seem to use less firewood than the open-fire stove users. Surprisingly, households with the so-called 'improved' stoves seem to use more firewood than the households with mud stoves. Thus, converting traditional open-fire stoves to mud stoves may be a better conservation strategy in the short term rather than installing improved stoves, unless the technology improves. However, in the long run, making cleaner fuel more accessible to rural households is desirable to reduce indoor air pollution.

ResumenSe investiga el efecto de la migración laboral internacional en la práctica del barbecho, la adopción de tecnologías de intensificación agrícola y la diversificación de medios de subsistencia en Nepal. Aplicando métodos empíricos que admiten inferencias causales a datos nacionales representativos, se observa que la probabilidad de tener tierras en barbecho (estimada con el emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión) es más de un 50 por ciento mayor en los hogares con migrantes que en los demás. La migración promueve las tecnologías de intensificación agrícola y la diversificación de los medios de subsistencia. El barbecho aumenta la inseguridad alimentaria, pero la intensificación agrícola puede reducirla, con un efecto neto incierto.

RésuméLes auteurs étudient l'effet de la migration internationale temporaire de main‐d'œuvre sur l'abandon de terres cultivées, l'adoption de techniques d'intensification agricole et la diversification des moyens de subsistance au Népal. Ils appliquent des méthodes empiriques d'inférence causale en s'appuyant sur des données représentatives au niveau national. Ils établissent que les familles de migrants ont plus de 50 pour cent de chances en plus de laisser des terres en friche que celles de non‐migrants. La migration internationale temporaire favorise l'adoption de pratiques d'intensification agricole et incite les ménages ruraux à diversifier leurs moyens de subsistance. Si la déprise agricole est susceptible d'aggraver l'insécurité alimentaire, l'intensification de l'agriculture peut en revanche la réduire, d'où un effet net incertain.

This article investigates the effect of temporary international labour migration on farmland fallowing, adoption of agricultural intensification technologies and livelihood diversification. Using nationally representative data, combined with empirical methods that allow causal inference, the authors find that households with international migrants are over 50 per cent more likely (based on propensity score matching estimates) to have fallow land than those without. Temporary international migration promotes the adoption of some agricultural intensification technologies and causes rural households to diversify their livelihoods. Land fallowing may increase food insecurity, while agricultural intensification may improve it, for an uncertain net effect.

Solid waste management has become one of the most important issues in urban centres of developing countries where population growth puts pressure on public services. Nepal is struggling to manage municipal solid waste in urban centres due to a lack of segregation at the source, recycling, and proper disposal. This chapter examines whether women and men manage household waste differently at the household level, especially at source segregation, managing recyclable waste (paper and plastic), and composting degradable waste. Using household survey data from the Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Nepal, we find that women are more likely to segregate waste at the source and also manage degradable waste at home better. Still, there is no gender difference in selling plastic and paper waste. In contrast, women are more likely to give paper or plastic waste either to the waste collectors (free) or throw away, suggesting a heterogeneity across gender when it comes to managing household waste. In most cases, women waste managers perform well (segregating at source and composting degradable waste), but they do not seem to do well in all areas of plastic or paper waste management where some sort of sensitization may be helpful.