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Introduction. Modern researchers use the term 'radical jihadism' actively; however the meaning of the term is not clear. A problem of clarifying this term is vital for philosophical and religious studies area. Purpose. Identification of the main features of radical jihadism is the purpose of this study. Methods. The study uses analysis and phenomenology as its methods. Results. Firstly, we argued that radical jihadism is an absolutely unacceptable ideology that propagates murders and violence. Secondly, we demonstrated that radical jihadism can not be seen as a manifestation of the right of peoples to military protection, because it proclaims not a defensive, but an offensive and total war towards both the military and civilians. Thirdly, we showed that radical jihadism is a fundamentally religious ideology directed primarily against representatives of Judaism and Christianity. Originality. The originality of our study is that it summarizes the available information, considering radical jihadism as a holistic phenomenon. We analyzed ideas and data of such researchers, as O. Ashour, I. Antonovich J. M. Brachman, A. Boukhars, G. Mirskiy, R. Nesipbay, E. Saltman, J. Turner, T. Hegghammer, F. Khosrokhavar and C. Hewitt. Particularly, we analysed J.Turner's thoughts about the evolution of Salafi-Jihadism; E. M. Saltman's and C. Winter's ideas about the changing face of modern jihadism; and C. Hewitt's cross-national analysis of Jihadism. Conclusion. We stated that radical jihadism is a fundamentally religious theory and practices which instigating and practicing a religiously motivated war as their aim fist of all against Christians, Jews and those Muslims, who do not believe in radical salafites' doctrine.

The aim of the research was to analyze the psychological portrait of a contemporary political leader, using the examples of U.S. Presidents J. Biden and D. Trump. All indications are that J. Biden is characterized by logic, moderation and a focus on cooperation with others. D. Trump is driven by emotions and is an impulsive leader. J. Biden is pedantic with details and motivates to cooperate. D. Trump actively used social networks, especially X, to communicate with the public. He is characterized by emotion-colored statements that echo and attract public attention. The following methods were used in the research: biographical source analysis, content analysis, comparative analysis of documents and policy decisions, meta-analysis and case studies. By way of conclusion the research revealed important differences in the personal characteristics and leadership style of J. Biden and D. Trump. J. Biden is shown as a leader capable of achieving consensus, willing to compromise and cooperate with different stakeholders. On the other hand, D. Trump is characterized by a more individualistic approach focused on strengthening and legitimizing his own position of power.

The objective of the article is to reveal the main foundations of human creation enshrined in Christian doctrine, which serve as axiological guidelines for the elaboration of laws, providing a humanistic content of the law. The research methodology is based on dialectical, formal-dogmatic, sociological, comparative-legal and documentary methods. The results of the study demonstrate that theocentrism and anthropocentrism are not opposed to each other in Christianity, but rather are combined into an integrated theological and anthropological picture of a man. Considering this prism of legal consciousness as a reflection of the supreme law of God, the authors refute the secular-positivist view of "homo juridicus" as a soulless subject of law and emphasize the role of the Gospel commandments as a guide. for the elaboration of laws. It is concluded that the Christian vision of the synergistic interaction of the human being and the legislator through the unity of three incarnations: "homo spiritus" - "homo sapiens" - "homo juridicus" indicates the values, which are designed to ensure humanization of the law through the humanization of social relations in general.