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This paper reviews briefly the relationship between the South African government and higher education. This relationship, which has shaped the landscape of higher education, is looked at on the premise that public institutions depend to a large extent on government for funding and other resources, and as such there has been constant influence and interference in higher education affairs. Whereas under colonial rule, the relationship mimicked that of the Scottish and British universities, the postcolonial relationships had their own characteristics, emulating government policies under apartheid and confirming therefore the establishment of two?tier university systems. Like most African countries, South Africa is currently faced with an immense task to bring together economic, social and political stability. This requires proactive national policies to develop particular skills and therefore a focused intervention and delivery within and through the institutions of higher education.

The editorial explores the evolution of the BRICS community, overviewing the articles included in the special issue. The authors emphasize various facets of ongoing and evolving cooperation, delineating how BRICS nations engage with climate change, development assistance and collaboration, global governance reform, and the progressive advancement of the New Development Bank (NDB).

This paper examines the possible influence of violent protests on the effectiveness of governance in South Africa. South Africa continues to experience huge number of labour as well as popular municipal service delivery protests. The popular social view with ensuing protests has often pointed at governance inefficiency as the cause of violent protests. This paper adopts a slightly different view in its analysis of violent protests and instead looks at possible influence of violence as possible instigator of ineffective governance. The paper is conceptually rooted in reviews ? combined with simple regression test of possible relationship between violent protest and governance effectiveness. The authors also present an examination of probable relationship between violent protests and governance effectiveness using observation of macro-economic data trends from the World Bank. The findings reveal a probable weakening in governance effectiveness or its perception thereof as a result of violent protests. Amongst others, violent protests produces a psyche of perpetual victimhood that leads to further violence resulting in less value attached to lives, destruction of economic property, increases pollution, production stoppages for goods and services and in turn depletes government revenue generation and frustrates international investors. We postulate that under condition explained above, government effectiveness in managing public resources becomes weakened and may lead to wastage and inefficiency as the resources and revenues employed in controlling violent protests are unplanned and do not often lead to constructive and sustainable public policy. We suggest that this condition therefore may result in reduction in economic growth which in turn perpetuates the same weaknesses that led to society protests and violence.

Introduction -- Ch: 1 Reflection and Reconstruction of China's Rural Land Shareholding System Reform based on several cases in Northwestern China -- Ch: 2 Rural Land Transfer in China: Reform and Legal Issues -- Ch: 3 Research, extension services and training as key drivers to agroforestry adoption: A case study of agrosilviculture community growers in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa -- Ch: 4 Socio Economic and Agroforestry Status: A Case Study of Small Timber Growers in Limpopo Province, South Africa -- Ch: 5 Re-Looking Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and their Impact on Agricultural Production in the Kwa-Zulu Natal Province of South Africa -- Ch: 6 Smallholder Farmers Multinomial Choice Analysis for Climate Change and Variability in Limpopo Province, South Africa -- Ch: 7 Towards Sustainable Livelihoods: Case study in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: A Multi Criteria Analysis Approach -- Ch: 8 The impact of COVID-19 on China's agriculture and the implications of rural revitalization initiatives for BRICS countries -- Ch: 9 Contribution to the topic of Future actions of BRICS Agricultural cooperation -- Ch: 10 Cooperation between Agriculture and Tourism in India a Preferred Strategy Post COVID – 19 -- Ch: 11 Current state and perspectives of digital transformation in Russian agricultural companies -- Ch: 12 Innovation directions in agricultural food system: Russia and other BRICS countries -- Ch: 13 Current State and Prospects for Digital Transformation of Russia Agricultural Companies -- Ch: 14 Innovative and Futuristic approach to the Agricultural Sector in China -- Ch: 15 Innovation directions of BRICS agricultural food systems -- Ch: 16 Challenges for Food Security among BRICS Countries – A New Road Map for Agriculture Development.

The BRICS encompasses nations with increasing relevance for the world in various dimensions that includes but not limited to the fact that it carries 40 percent of the world population at 3,24 billion people and contributes about US$ 23,4 trillion to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). BRICS has opted to operate and make maximum contribution and influence globally through its three pillars of: political and security cooperation, financial and economic cooperation, and cultural and people to people cooperation. Through the work that BRICS champions in these pillars, it is making unparalleled global influence in the spheres of economic, political, social, demographic, and environmental architecture. The primary objective of this special journal issue is to consolidate a wide range of viewpoints and scholarly investigations pertaining to the interplay between climate change, entrepreneurship, local development within the BRICS nations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, both during and after its occurrence. Policymakers, government agencies, and international organizations heavily depend on robust research findings to formulate and implement policies and programs that are effective in achieving their intended objectives. Research conducted in these specific domains, therefore, has the potential to yield evidence-based recommendations that can effectively reinforce economic growth, promote sustainable development, and foster social progress within the BRICS nations.

Because of high students and labour mobility across the globe; it becomes important that national and global academic credit transfer in post-schooling education is well defined, easy to understand and reciprocated. The European community harmonised its credit transfer through the Bologna Process of 1999 to address connectivity of 46 countries. Credit transfer across different post-schooling institutional types, i.e., vertical transfers, got better defined in the post 2008 reforms in Australia. The National Qualifications Framework in South Africa redefined national and international horizontal transfers, i.e., across universities, but vertical transfers remain a huge problem. In the United States of America, transfer is facilitated by State legislation and State education boards and vertical articulation is well defined within States. Without well-defined national and international credit transfer modalities, the sustainability of national qualifications systems gets journalised and graduates become highly immobile. This chapter analyses the different credit transfer modalities, experiences and challenges across post-school education in the three countries of Australia, South Africa and the United States of America. The chapter makes recommendations for planning national and international credit transfer mechanisms.

Introduction. When a leader with a vision launches a Local Non-Governmental Organization (LNGO or NGO), the NGO's motivation and decision-making often become intertwined with the leader's personality and character to the effect that it may collapse when the NGO leader departs. Uganda has a higher percentage of NGOs inactivity and mortality due to unsustainable funding. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of NGO leadership competencies on sustainable funding of NGOs.Methods. This study utilized a descriptive correlation design. A proportionate stratified sample of 103 NGOs was obtained and their leaders were interviewed using self-administered questionnaires. Records reviews were conducted to obtain data on NGO funding. Results. This study found a 90.1% to 100% agreement by participants on possession of the various leadership competencies by the NGO leaders. A marked rise in incomes from all sources was recorded between 2010 and 2014, with external donors, local donors, and own income accounting for 67%, 13.5%, and 19.5% of the total funds, respectively. The average donor-dependency ratio and survival ratio over the 5 year period was 80.54% and 71.216 days respectively. The NGO leader/CEO understanding and working with whatever resources that are available (β=-9.802, P=.002) and spearheading the implementation of major investment decisions (β=15.720, P=.004) were the only competencies found to be statistically significant predictors of NGO financial sustainability.Recommendations. Government funding of NGOs, prioritization of Income Generating Activities and capacity building of NGO leaders in effective and efficient resource utilization and investment by NGOs, are key to NGO Survival.

This book intends to provide a continuous assessment of the crisis in governance in Africa. As it is, there are huge deficits in the capacity of African states to harness vast human and material resources to promote good governance. This manifests in pervasive corruption, collapsed service delivery, collapsed state-owned enterprises, eroded social trust, capital flight, escalating levels of poverty and wars, human insecurity, and stunted growth. The public sector is the pulse of service delivery because the entire governance system revolves around the sourcing of materials and services, mostly from the private sector, in order to achieve its public policy intents. The procurement process, therefore, ordinarily ought to yield positive economic outcomes and an efficiency-driven system in favour of the government itself and its service recipients. However, this more often than not is not the case. Despite its enormous wealth, the African continent is in an economic quagmire, a dilemma that requires multi-facet research activities. This is the motivation for this book.