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Cover -- Protectors of Privacy -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Data Privacy and the Global Economy -- 2. Privacy Regimes: Comprehensive and Limited Approaches -- 3. The Computer Age: Similar Problems, Different Solutions -- 4. The EU Data Privacy Directive: Transgovernmental Actors as Drivers of Regional Integration -- 5. The Spread of Comprehensive Rules: The International Implications of the Regulatory State -- 6. The Struggle over Transnational Civil Liberties -- 7. Regulatory Power in the Global Economy -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Since the end of World War II, scholars have attempted to make sense of Germany's insistent multilateralism. Many concluded that this sacrifice resulted from a deeply ingrained political identity that stressed international cooperation and shunned parochial national politics. More recently, however, German leadership has suggested a willingness to weaken its role as global altruist and reassert its interests in Europe and abroad. This article argues that core German attitudes towards regional and global cooperation have changed. But rather than a shift to "national self-interests," I argue that the unification process elevated long-held beliefs about policy conservatism and caution that now compete with the postwar multilateral policy frame within the foreign policy elite. In addition to the pro-European, multilateralist agenda, a second powerful lesson of the interwar period emphasized the dangers associated with sudden change and the benefits of incrementalism. Owing to the uncertainty associated with sociopolitical events, decision makers must rely on their beliefs about how the world works to guide their decisions. To explore the relationship between beliefs and Germany's regional policy, the paper examines the government's regional response to the post 2008 financial crisis and the banking crisis in Eastern Europe.

Information has become a core input for many companies. This article examines how this affects firm policy preferences. In contrast to national typologies of capitalism or microeconomic expectations, it uses information economics and historical institutionalism to construct a deductive model positing two basic logics. Firms with significant information assets view data as a private good, supporting policies that constrain information access and distribution. Companies with few information assets face a network effects economy and thus call for policies that promote a liberal data environment. The information asset argument is examined in the context of initial data privacy legislation passed in the United States, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom in the 1970s and early 1980s. The finding of the article contributes to literature interested in the political economy of services-based economies, underscores the significance of sociohistorical processes for preference formation, and calls attention to the boundary conditions of historically derived causal propositions.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- List of Illustrations -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction: Freedom and Security in the New Interdependence -- 1 Politics in an Age of Interdependence -- 2 Domestic Security and Privacy in the Transatlantic Space -- 3 Competing Atlantic Alliances and the Fight over Airline Passenger Data Sharing -- 4 Cross-National Layering and the Regulation of Terrorist Financial Tracking -- 5 Insulation and the Transformation of Commercial Privacy Disputes -- Conclusion: Information, Power, and World Politics -- Notes -- References -- Index.

AbstractThe European Union is a global leader in data protection. Nevertheless, its efforts to shape market practice have been criticized as bureaucratic and lacking citizen participation. The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has again stoked a heated implementation debate, focusing either on the law's complexity or its new enforcement sanctions. This article draws attention to a less explored provision, Article 80, which allows third parties including non‐governmental organizations to bring complaints for investigation. Empirically, the article demonstrates how NGOs are playing a bottom up role in transforming policy implementation. Theoretically, the article suggests that the legislation offers a novel governance tool – transnational fire alarms – in which third parties enhance accountability in the enforcement phase of the multilevel governance process. The article has implications for the evolution of privacy and data security within Europe as well as the interaction between transnational civil society and pan‐regional democracy.