Suchergebnisse

Section 1. Introduction -- The emerging importance of pollution -- Section 2: How individuals gather and judge evidence -- Human reasoning: everyday heuristics and foibles -- Human reasoning: within scientific traditions and rules -- Pathological reasoning within sciences -- Individual scientist: reasoning by the numbers -- Section 3: How groups weigh and apply evidence -- Social processing of evidence: commonplace dynamics and foibles -- How innovations enter and move within groups -- Evidence in social networks -- Section 4: Conclusion -- Conclusion.

"This book provides a quantitative treatment of the science of ecotoxicology. The first chapters consider fundamental concepts and definitions essential to understanding the fate and effects of toxicants at various levels of ecological organization as covered in the remaining chapters. Scientific ecotoxicology and associated topics are defined. The historical perspective, rationale, and characteristics are outlined for the strong inferential and quantitative approach advocated in this book. The general measurement process is discussed, and methodologies for defining and controlling variance, which could otherwise exclude valid conclusions regarding ecotoxicological endeavors, are considered.Ecotoxicological concepts at increasing levels of ecological organization are discussed in the second part of the book. Quantitative methods used to measure toxicant effects are outlined in this section. The final chapter summarizes the book with a brief discussion of ecotoxicological assessment. Numerous figures and tables accompany text, with many statistical tables found in the appendix for quick reference. Although the book primarily focuses on aquatic systems, with appropriate modification the concepts and methods can be applied to terrestrial systems"--

"Using mercury pollution as an example, this book illustrates the interdisciplinary approach required for solving environmental problems. It explains the details of the natural cycling of mercury in and on the earth and discusses how humans have dramatically disrupted its exchange among the earths soil, air, and water. The chapters discuss history, media, and politics in relation to mercury and contain links to established websites with specific resources for readers. Also included are smaller case studies, such as the Minamata tragedy, fish consumption, and international treaties"--

Machine generated contents note: Chapter 1 -- Overview of Ecological Risk Assessment in Coastal -- and Estuarine Environments1 -- Morris H. Roberts, Jr, Michael C. Newman, and Robert C. Hale -- Chapter 2 -- European Approaches to Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment15 -- Mark Crane, Neal Sorokin, James R. Wheeler, Albania Grosso, -- Paul Whitehouse, and David Morritt -- Chapter 3 -- Emerging Contaminants of Concern in Coastal -- and Estuarine Environments 41 -- Robert C. Hale and Mark J. La Guardia -- Chapter 4 -- Enhancing Belief during Causality Assessments: Cognitive Idols -- or Bayes's Theorem? 73 -- Michael C. Newman and David A. Evans -- Chapter 5 -- Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Fate of Organic Contaminants -- in Estuarine Animals 97 -- Richard E Lee -- Chapter 6 -- The Bioaccumulation of Mercury, Methylmercury, and Other Toxic -- Elements into Pelagic and Benthic Organisms127 -- Robert PR Mason -- Chapter 7 -- Dietary Metals Exposure and Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms: -- Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment151 -- Christian E. Schlekat, Byeong-Gweon Lee, and Samuel N. Luoma -- Chapter 8 -- Endocrine Disruption in Fishes and Invertebrates: Issues for Saltwater -- Ecological Risk Assessment 189 -- Kenneth M.Y. Leung, James R. Wheeler, David Morritt and Mark Crane -- Chapter 9 -- The Use of Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) to Assess the Risks That -- Persistent Organochlorines Pose to Marine Mammals 217 -- Paul D. Jones, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Alan L. Blankenship, -- and John P Giesy -- Chapter 10 -- Effects of Chronic Stress on Wildlife Pop pulations: A Modeling -- Approach and Case Study247 -- Diane E. Nacci, Timothy R. Gleason, Ruth Gutjahr-Gobell, Marina Huber, -- and Wayne R. Munns, Jr -- Chapter 11 -- Structuring Population-Based Ecological Risk Assessments -- in a Dynam ic Landscape 273 -- Christopher E. Mackay, Jenee A. Colton, and Gary Bigham -- Chapter 12 -- Incremental Chemical Risks and Damages in Urban Estuaries: -- Spatial and Historical Ecosystem Analysis 297 -- Dave Ludwig and Timothy J. lannuzzi -- Chapter 13 -- Ecological Risk Assessment in Coastal and Estuarine Environments327 -- Michael C. Newman, Robert C. Hale, and Morris H. Roberts, Jr.

How can environmental regulators use information on 48-hour toxicity tests to predict the effects of a few minutes of pollution? Or, at the other extreme, what is the relevance of 96-hour toxicity data for organisms that may have been exposed to a pollutant for six months or more? Time to event methods are the key to answering these types of questions. Risk Assessment with Time to Event Models is the first comprehensive treatment of these methods in the context of ecological risk assessment. Leading experts from industry, academia, and government regulatory agencies explain how these m