Suchergebnisse

Since the 1960s, several dozen ethnoregional parties have achieved political success in advanced industrial democracies. Focus here is on their ideological characteristics, how these characteristics correlate with electoral & policy success, & what ideological trends are emerging among newer parties. Adapted from the source document.

SEVERAL ETHNOREGIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES ACHIEVED DRAMATIC ELECTORAL SUCCESSES IN INDUSTRIALIZE DEMOCRACIES IN THE 1960S AND 1970S. SOME OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL AND PROMINENT OF THESE PARTIES WERE THE BELGIAN ETHNOREGIONAL PARTIES, THE VOLKSUNIE (VU) IN FLANDERS, THE RASSEMBLEMENT WALLON (RW) IN WALLONIA, AND THE FRONT DEMOCRATIQUE DES FRANCOPHONES (FDF) IN BRUSSELS. THESE THREE PARTIES HAVE DECLINED DRAMATICALLY SINCE THE LATE 1970S. ALTHOUGH THEY APPEAR TO BE ELECTORAL FAILURES THEY HAVE EXPERIENCED IMPRESSIVE POLICY SUCCESSES. THE MAJOR BELGIAN PARTIES HAD ALWAYS BEEN SKEPTICAL OF THE ETHNOREGIONAL PARTIES' PROPOSALS FOR THE FEDERALIZATION OF THE CENTRALIZED STATE. YET, IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING THE ELECTORAL DECLINE OF THE ETHNOREGIONAL PARTIES, BELGIUM HAS FEDERALIZED. SURVEY DATA AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ARE USED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE ELECTORAL FAILURES AND POLICY SUCCESSES OF THE ETHNOREGIONAL PARTIES IN BELGIUM. THE CONCLUSION GENERALIZES FORM THE BELGIAN CASES TO THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF OTHER ETHNOREGIONAL PARTIES IN STABLE DEMOCRACIES.

Presents a structural account of the variation in the forms & extent of violence employed by ethnoregional movements in Western democracies via case examples of violent tactics employed by movements in Scotland, Catalonia & Euskadi (Spain), Quebec, & Northern Ireland. Variation is explained by state reinforcement of ethnic political identities usually through repression, a party system that resists rather than absorbs political change, & blocked opportunities for political mobility among ethnic movement radicals. These in turn depend on the historical conditions that define state strategies for expanding their own authority. Adapted from the source document.

BACKGROUND: To investigate organisational factors influencing the implementation challenges of redesigning services for people with long term conditions in three locations in England, using remote care (telehealth and telecare). METHODS: Case-studies of three sites forming the UK Department of Health's Whole Systems Demonstrator (WSD) Programme. Qualitative research techniques were used to obtain data from various sources, including semi-structured interviews, observation of meetings over the course programme and prior to its launch, and document review. Participants were managers and practitioners involved in the implementation of remote care services. RESULTS: The implementation of remote care was nested within a large pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT), which formed a core element of the WSD programme. To produce robust benefits evidence, many aspect of the trial design could not be easily adapted to local circumstances. While remote care was successfully rolled-out, wider implementation lessons and levels of organisational learning across the sites were hindered by the requirements of the RCT. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a complex innovation such as remote care requires it to organically evolve, be responsive and adaptable to the local health and social care system, driven by support from front-line staff and management. This need for evolution was not always aligned with the imperative to gather robust benefits evidence. This tension needs to be resolved if government ambitions for the evidence-based scaling-up of remote care are to be realised.

Background To investigate organisational factors influencing the implementation challenges of redesigning services for people with long term conditions in three locations in England, using remote care (telehealth and telecare). Methods Case-studies of three sites forming the UK Department of Health's Whole Systems Demonstrator (WSD) Programme. Qualitative research techniques were used to obtain data from various sources, including semi-structured interviews, observation of meetings over the course programme and prior to its launch, and document review. Participants were managers and practitioners involved in the implementation of remote care services. Results The implementation of remote care was nested within a large pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT), which formed a core element of the WSD programme. To produce robust benefits evidence, many aspect of the trial design could not be easily adapted to local circumstances. While remote care was successfully rolled-out, wider implementation lessons and levels of organisational learning across the sites were hindered by the requirements of the RCT. Conclusions The implementation of a complex innovation such as remote care requires it to organically evolve, be responsive and adaptable to the local health and social care system, driven by support from front-line staff and management. This need for evolution was not always aligned with the imperative to gather robust benefits evidence. This tension needs to be resolved if government ambitions for the evidence-based scaling-up of remote care are to be realised.

Background: To investigate organisational factors influencing the implementation challenges of redesigning services for people with long term conditions in three locations in England, using remote care (telehealth and telecare). Methods: Case-studies of three sites forming the UK Department of Health's Whole Systems Demonstrator (WSD) Programme. Qualitative research techniques were used to obtain data from various sources, including semi-structured interviews, observation of meetings over the course programme and prior to its launch, and document review. Participants were managers and practitioners involved in the implementation of remote care services. Results: The implementation of remote care was nested within a large pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT), which formed a core element of the WSD programme. To produce robust benefits evidence, many aspect of the trial design could not be easily adapted to local circumstances. While remote care was successfully rolled-out, wider implementation lessons and levels of organisational learning across the sites were hindered by the requirements of the RCT. Conclusions: The implementation of a complex innovation such as remote care requires it to organically evolve, be responsive and adaptable to the local health and social care system, driven by support from front-line staff and management. This need for evolution was not always aligned with the imperative to gather robust benefits evidence. This tension needs to be resolved if government ambitions for the evidence-based scaling-up of remote care are to be realised.

The Los Angeles megacity, which is home to more than 40% of the population in California, is the second largest megacity in the United States and an intense source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Quantifying GHG emissions from the megacity and monitoring their spatiotemporal trends are essential to be able to understand the effectiveness of emission control policies. Here we measure carbon dioxide (CO_2) and methane (CH_4) across the Los Angeles megacity using a novel approach – ground-based remote sensing from a mountaintop site. A Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) with agile pointing optics, located on Mount Wilson at 1.67 km above sea level, measures reflected near-infrared sunlight from 29 different surface targets on Mount Wilson and in the Los Angeles megacity to retrieve the slant column abundances of CO_2, CH_4 and other trace gases above and below Mount Wilson. This technique provides persistent space- and time-resolved observations of path-averaged dry-air GHG concentrations, XGHG, in the Los Angeles megacity and simulates observations from a geostationary satellite. In this study, we combined high-sensitivity measurements from the FTS and the panorama from Mount Wilson to characterize anthropogenic CH_4 emissions in the megacity using tracer–tracer correlations. During the period between September 2011 and October 2013, the observed XCH_4 : XCO_2 excess ratio, assigned to anthropogenic activities, varied from 5.4 to 7.3 ppb CH_4 (ppm CO_2)^(−1), with an average of 6.4 ± 0.5 ppb CH_4 (ppm CO_2)^(−1) compared to the value of 4.6 ± 0.9 ppb CH_4 (ppm CO_2)^(−1) expected from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) bottom-up emission inventory. Persistent elevated XCH_4 : XCO_2 excess ratios were observed in Pasadena and in the eastern Los Angeles megacity. Using the FTS observations on Mount Wilson and the bottom-up CO_2 emission inventory, we derived a top-down CH_4 emission of 0.39 ± 0.06 Tg CH_4 year^(−1) in the Los Angeles megacity. This is 18–61% larger than the state government's bottom-up CH_4 emission inventory and consistent with previous studies.