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Drawing on archival materials, Michael Ng challenges the widely accepted narrative that freedom of expression in Hong Kong is a legacy of British rule of law. Demonstrating that the media and schools were pervasively censored for much of the colonial period and only liberated at a very late stage of British rule, this book complicates our understanding of how Hong Kong came to be a city that championed free speech by the late 1990s. With extensive use of primary sources, the free press, freedom of speech and judicial independence are all revealed to be products of Britain's China strategy. Ng shows that, from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, Hong Kong's legal history was deeply affected by China's relations with world powers. Demonstrating that Hong Kong's freedoms drifted along waves of change in global politics, this book offers a new perspective on the British legal regime in Hong Kong.

AbstractThis article examines how and why renowned Republican-era Chinese firms raised debt capital to finance their businesses by accepting savings deposits from ordinary people instead of borrowing from financial institutions. The article argues that in the absence of a powerful unitary state and centralized financial institutions, Chinese firms innovated sophisticated, decentralized financial instruments capable of amassing large quantities of capital from a broad host of depositors without the involvement of financial intermediaries. Savings deposits not only provided these firms with a cheaper and more flexible source of debt capital than that on offer from banks but also they fueled the Chinese economy by creating a sizable credit supply, a phenomenon that Chinese business and financial history scholarship focusing on the role of indigenous and modern banks has hitherto largely neglected.

Introduction -- Foreign direct investment in China: history and development -- Introducing theoretical frameworks: determinants of FDI -- Introducing theoretical frameworks: effects of FDI -- Key steps for direct investment transactions in China: due diligence -- Key steps for direct investment transactions in China: term sheet -- Strategizing investments in China in the next decade

China underwent tremendous changes in social systems during the Republican period. Among these changes was the government's introduction into Chinese society of a new legal profession based on Western ideology. Relying mainly on Shanghai archival records, previous scholarship has suggested that, unlike the traditional litigation masters who had always been despised by the authorities, the new Chinese lawyers quickly rose to respectable social and economic status. However, the historical findings presented in the current article challenge this perception by showing that in a city with a more deeply rooted indigenous legal tradition and less influence from Western lawyers, as in Beijing, the new Chinese lawyers faced resistance from the legacy of the old legal culture that permeated the new system. For a considerable period of time after the establishment of the Republic, the people of Beijing still continued to hire unqualified, "phony" lawyers in lawsuits, and some of these phony lawyers had previously been litigation masters under the Qing dynasty. Although legal reform was instigated by the central government as a unified policy, its implementation was bound to vary in different regions according to the influence of the traditional legal culture. It is clear that the situation in Shanghai and other treaty ports does not represent the situation throughout the entire country, nor even in other coastal regions. Therefore, to make more sense of legal reform in China, one should evaluate the development of legal reform in a particular city or region against its social and ideological backdrop. This approach may provide insights not only into the legal reform of the Republican period, but also into the post-Mao era when once again a modern legal system based on the Western model has been introduced, this time within a socialist system.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1. Northeast Asian Constitutional Foundings: The Weight of History -- Introduction -- I. Why This Book? -- II. The Weight of History -- III. The Legacies of Constitutional Foundings -- IV. A Note of Acknowledgement -- 2. The 1954 Constitution of China: Empire State Building -- Introduction -- I. National Revival -- II. The Constitution as Saviour of the Chinese Empire -- III. Chinese Constitutional Attempts Since the Qing Dynasty -- IV. The Death of the Liberal Democratic Model in China -- V. The Birth of Leninist Constitutionalism in China -- VI. The 1954 Constitution: The Great Consolidation of Power -- VII. Structure of the 1954 Constitution -- VIII. The PRC and State Building -- IX. Epilogue: Constitutional Founding -- 3. The Making of the Constitutional Order of the Hong Kong SAR: The Role of Sino-British Diplomacy (1982-90) -- Introduction -- I. The Negotiation of the Joint Declaration (1982-84) -- II. Representative Government and Sino-British 'convergence' (1984-86) -- III. Informal Diplomatic Dialogue and the 1987 Review (1986-88) -- IV. Towards the Second Draft of the Basic Law (1988-89) -- V. Post-4 June Developments (1989-90) -- VI. Conclusion -- 4. Macao's Constitutional Founding -- Introduction -- I. Before The Handover: The Historical Background -- II. The Hong Kong Model -- III. The Making of the Macao Basic Law -- IV. A Summary -- 5. The Birth of the Constitution of the Republic of China -- Introduction -- I. The ROC Constitution and the Draft Constitutions -- II. Constitutional Questions Considered by the Drafters and their Aftermath -- III. The Impact of Internal and External Factors -- IV. The Impact of the ROC Constitution on Taiwan"s State Building -- V. Conclusion -- 6. The Meiji Constitution and Japan's Emergence in the International Order, 1853-1905 -- Introduction.

AbstractCustomer acquisition and customer retention are the most important challenges in the increasingly competitive telecommunications industry. Traditional studies of customer switching always assume that customers are homogeneous, and thus that model customer switching behavior follows a Markov formulation. However, this postulation is obviously inappropriate in most instances. Blumen et al. (Cornell Studies of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1955) developed the Mover–Stayer (MS) model, a generalization of the Markov chain model, to relax the requirement of homogeneity and allow the presence of heterogeneity with two different types of individuals—"stayers," who purchase the same kinds of products or services throughout the entire observation period; and "movers," who look for variety in products or services over time. There are two purpose of this article. First, we extend the MS model to a Double Mover‐Stayer (DMS) model by assuming the existence of three types of individuals in the market: (1) stable and loyal customers, who have stable usage within the same company; (2) instable but loyal customers, whose usage varies within the same company over time; and (3) disloyal customers, who switch from one company to another to seek for new experiences or/and benefits. We also propose an estimation method for the DMS model. Second, we apply the DMS model to telecommunications data and demonstrate how it can be used for pattern identification, hidden knowledge discovery, and decision making. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012