Suchergebnisse

The economic reform started in 1986 has transformed Vietnam from one of the world's poorest countries 35 years ago to a lower middle-income country (MIC) in 2010. Poverty rates dropped from 70% in 1986 to below 2% in 2021. The transition from a central planning system to a socialist market economy is the fundamental underlying factor of Vietnam's success. Using the historical institutional framework that Lee (2018) [1] developed, this study aims to explore the country's transition from a central planning system to a socialist market economy over the past three decades. The findings demonstrate that the country's transition to a socialist market economy has been taking a gradualism and dualism path like China. In addition, the study also illustrates how the economic reform and globalization processes pushed the institutional transformation in Vietnam to meet the demands of multiple economic sectors and ownerships as well as accommodate international commitments that the country entered. Finally, Vietnam has been cautious in its political reform over the past few decades. Yet, this is inevitable as a result of the country's socio-economic development process as well as the global and regional rapid changing context. The implications for Vietnam include: (i) Vietnam needs to transform its growth model toward a knowledge-based, higher-added-value, and more environmentally-friendly pattern; (ii) while there is significant progress in institutional transformation, bottlenecks and challenges remain. This should be addressed effectively to unlock the country's potential; (iii) political system reform is inevitable as conditions are mature. Domestic demands and international requirements are putting increasing pressure on the changes. However, this process will likely move forward and take place within the political system rather than by civil society or outsiders. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-03 Full Text: PDF

According to statistics of the Ministry of Health of Vietnam, the proportion of people infected with the disease has been increasing recently. In addition, according to the statistics of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the budget and spending on health tend to increase. That means there is an increase in people's health care needs. The main objective of the study is to examine the factors affecting health care in Vietnam. The study used initial survey data in Nam Dinh, where GDP per capita is equivalent to 96.4% of the national average GDP, with a total of 500 respondents. Respondents were selected based on convenience sampling, the questionnaires were designed according to previous studies and added a research variable on COVID-19, and took place in July 2021. Descriptive analysis and linear regression statistics were used with with the help of SPSS software. Result shows that factors such as income, age, education, participation in health insurance, belief in healthcare, effects of COVID-19, family medical history and self-perceived health status were statistically significant in influencing the need for medical care. According to the study results, public health authorities and governments should pay attention to targets to increase the use of health care.

Purpose
This study aims to investigate specific professional competencies of teachers to implement education for sustainable development (ESD) in the contexts of Vietnam.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors carried out a Delphi study with eight ESD experts in Vietnam to collect their expertise viewpoints regarding teachers' ESD professional competencies.


Findings
In total, 13 competencies related to three dimensions (content knowledge/cognitive, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge, motivation and volition) were highlighted by ESD experts.


Research limitations/implications
The proposed teachers' competencies were based on the ideas of a small group of experts, and the results need to be tested, refined and confirmed by further work. Besides, in this study, we have not defined the levels of achievement for each competency as well as developed assessment tools.


Practical implications
The specific professional competencies for teachers can be considered as a foundation for developing educational offers focusing on promoting the specific teachers' professional competencies in basic ESD training.


Originality/value
Studies on educators' professional competencies for ESD mostly were conducted in western countries. However, competencies do not exist independently; instead, they should be considered in specific contexts of teaching, school, culture and society. This research is among one of the first studies that contextualizes teachers' competencies in a non-western context.

Frontmatter -- Index -- Preface and Introduction -- The Future Megacities Programme— Framework and Contribution of Young Researchers -- Participants' List of the DAAD Scholarship Programme: "Studies and Research Scholarships of Today for the Megacities of Tomorrow" -- Governance -- The Agricultural Water-Energy Nexus of Rural India under Climate Change: How Learning Coordination Becomes Key to Technology Adoption -- Implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Gauteng Municipalities: Barriers, Opportunities, and Post-2012 Outlook -- Urban Resources: Water -- Strategies for a Sustainable Megacity Development under the Water Resource Challenge in Urumqi Region, Northwest China -- Auditing Water Resources for Application to Water-sensitive Urban Design—A Case Study in the Lima Metropolitan Area, Peru -- Adaptation of the Urban Water System to Future Developments— Modelling of Different Options for Lima, Peru -- Comparison and Evaluation of Three Aquatic Plants for Determining the Efficiency of Nutrient Removal in Domestic Wastewater Treatment -- Planning and Architecture -- Integration of Environmental Components and Urban Climate Management in Land-use Planning in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam -- Land-use Change Detection and Analysis for Ho Chi Minh City -- Multifunctional Urban Agriculture: An Urban Planning Model for the Megacities of Tomorrow. The Case of Casablanca -- Climate-responsive Residential Buildings for Hashtgerd New Town Based on Traditional Residential Architecture of Iran's Arid Region -- The Feasibility of a New Generation Office Building in Hashtgerd New Town: Modern, Efficient, and Environmentally Friendly -- Mobility and Transportation -- Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) for Megacities: Is TOD an Effective Solution for a Megacity's Traffic Congestion? Case Study of Shenzhen, China -- The Public Transportation System of Hefei, China: An Analysis -- Development and Evaluation of an Airborne Traffic Detection System -- Perspectives for Gauteng's Transportation Sector: Potential Performance and Costs of Exemplary Transportation Infrastructure Extensions -- The Projects of the Programme on Future Megacities in Brief -- Authors -- Imprint

This book is the result of the first interdisciplinary conference in Vietnam which took place on "the Rule of Law." Instead of beginning immediately with a highly specialized debate from the perspective of one single academic discipline, we started to discuss numerous facets of the subject arising from a multidisciplinary dialogue. For this reason, the contributions for this publication come from various scientific disciplines in Vietnam and Germany: political, historical, social, economic and legal sciences, but also members of Vietnamese governmental and non-governmental organizations. The aim of the volume is to open up a dialogue about the Rule of Law between two very different legal cultures, the German-European and the Vietnamese-Southeast Asian.

Frontmatter --Table of Contents --Introduction --I. Traditions --A Brief History of the Idea of the State of Law and Its Basic Indicators --Thoughts and Policies on Governing the People under the Ly-Tran and the Early Le Dynasties: Experiences and Historical Lessons --Some Signs of a State of Law in Vietnam in the Monarchical Time --The French "État legale" in Vietnam. Between Legal Pluralism and Police State --II. Theoretical Reflections --Separation of Powers in Pre-modern Western Political Thought and the Building of the State of Law in Vietnam --Rousseau's Thoughts on the Division and Control of State Power. A Comparison with Montesquieu's Model --Ruling with Law. On the Significance of Rules of Organization and Procedure --III. Global Trends and Challenges --The Rule of Law and the Emergence of Market Exchange: A New Institutional Economic Perspective --The Rule of Law in the Global Development of Constitutionalism --Rule of Law and Global Governance --IV. Contemporary Debates --State Reformation and Improvement -- towards a Vietnamese State of Law --The Issue of the Rule of Law in Vietnam in the Constitution of 2013 --The State of Law and the Creation of a Human Rights Culture --The Development of the Civil Society and the Socialist Law-based State in Vietnam --Anti-Corruption from the Perspective of Ho Chi Minh's Ideology: Towards a Vietnamese Rule of Law --Rule of Law and Codes of Trust. Interdependencies between Legal and Social Institutions: A Case Study of China --The Role of the Press in the Construction of a Legitimate State in Vietnam Today --On the Civil Society and the State of Law in Vietnam --The State of Law in Vietnam: Understandings, Prospects and Challenges --List of Tables