Suchergebnisse

This study examines the Esplanade Underpass, an underground thoroughfare in Singapore that supports a range of public users and uses, despite not being a formally planned or officially designated public space. The Esplanade Underpass serves as an interesting case study as most public spaces in Singapore are zoned and governed by regulations of various kinds. The Esplanade Underpass, however, is minimally subject to these forms of surveillance and control. This research asks: What are the characteristics of the Esplanade Underpass that set it apart from the narrative of order and control often imposed upon public spaces in Singapore?" Through participant observation and interviews, the study investigates the users and uses of the Underpass. The study reveals how a range of users of the Underpass adapt the physical space for various uses, consequently establishing a series of informal social norms. Through varied habitual uses, the Underpass has been transformed from a place of transit into a meaningful public space which possesses a vibrant social life. The study highlights the nuances of social engagement that can work to make spaces "public" and offers a novel understanding of informally formed public space in Singapore.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Vietnam is still complicated. Two groups in high risks are people who injection drug and female sex workers (FSW). According to 2011 sentinel surveillance, HIV prevalence among PWID still high at 13.4%. Vietnam is making effort to control the HIV prevalence among PWID by many programs such as: needles and syringes program, methadone program, condom use program. Just review from some literature: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2015): ―World Drug Report 2015‖. ―HIV/AIDS Estimates and Projections 2007– 2012,‖ Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control. Vietnam AIDS response progress report 2014. Jason Eligh, HIV/AID Advisor, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Hanoi, Vietnam, response to the "UN HIV and IDU Reference Group: Request to Fill Data Gaps— Vietnam," Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting Drug Use, 2009. D28 Routine Program Report. VAAC, MoH 2013. Vietnam AIDS response progress report 2014. World drug report 2013. Ahmed T, Thanh NL, Huong PT, Stewart DE. Drug injecting and HIV risk among injecting drug users in Hai Phong, Vietnam: a qualitative analysis. 2015. By the effort of government, Vietnam has step by step decline the percentage of HIV prevalence among PWID, from 23.1% in 2006 decline to 10.28% in 2012. Furthermore, the programs are applying still successful until now. Vietnam has been successful to decline the percentage of HIV prevalence among PWID.

Research aims: This study focuses on the correlation between public investment, current expenditure and payment for government debt, and economic growth in short-run and long-run estimations.Design/Methodology/Approach: Macro data of Vietnam in the period 1991-2020 were extracted from the World Bank and the Vietnam General Statistics Office. This research employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) for time series.Research findings: The results of this study uncovered that an improvement in public investment could enhance economic growth; it is also true of the government's current spending. However, it is worth noting that the coefficients of changes in public investment and government current spending reduced the economic growth change in one and two periods ago. Moreover, debt payment was found to have a negative effect on the economy at all lags with different levels of significance.Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides empirical evidence on the role of government spending in economic growth, thereby confirming that Keynesian theory still holds in the case of Vietnam. The study also verifies the vital role of government activity in regulating economic development through investment and expenditure.Practitioner/Policy implication: Some important implications for policymakers focusing on government spending are: (i) The government needs to have an investment strategy that focuses on the important areas, such as infrastructure and technology foundation. (ii) Government needs to improve accountability and transparency in the management. (iii) Supportive policies on capital, technology, human resources, and the market must be continued to encourage economic investment activities. (iv) The selection, evaluation, and approval of investment portfolios should be carefully and appropriately made.Research limitation: This study was limited by looking at the overview of government spending with economic growth, ignoring the spending structure due to the lack of necessary data. Therefore, the ...

The amplification of Coronavirus risk on social media sees Vietnam falling volatile to a chaotic sphere of mis/disinformation and incivility, which instigates a movement to counter its effects on public anxiety and fear. Benign or malign, these civil forces generate a huge public pressure to keep the one-party system on toes, forcing it to be unusually transparent in responding to public concerns.

Water, an essential element in sustaining life is of special importance to society and economic development. Although renewable, water resources are not infinite. It can be said that equitable and sustainable water resource management in the context of climate change is a challenge that all Mekong countries have been facing. The challenge becomes bigger in the context of water scarcity when the total amount of water is sharply decreasing and the water quality is declining, failing to meet domestic and industrial needs. Based on a study into the current situation of water security in the Mekong River, the author points out the basic challenges that threaten water security in the river basin. At the same time, the author discusses the reasons leading to this situation. Based on the research on the current situation of challenges and underlying causes, the author proposes a number of necessary solutions to cope with current and upcoming challenges. These solutions, including legal, diplomatic, economic and political solutions, should be implemented in a synchronized and long-term manner in the future.

Since 1986, Vietnam has moved from a centrally planned towards a market-oriented system through several major economic and trade reforms. First positive results of the reform process became visible in the early 1990s when poverty declined significantly. The Vietnamese agricultural sector has also experienced high growth and impressive export achievements. The country changed from a food importer to one of the major exporters worldwide. The question arises to what extent support policies contributed to this growth, especially of the agricultural sector. To answer this question, domestic and trade policies in the agricultural sector are analysed and the market price support (MPS) and producer support estimates (PSEs) are calculated. To account for the special conditions in Vietnam, adjustments for country- and commodity-specific factors like transportation costs, marketing margins and the quality difference of exportables (or importables) at the border and domestically are included. Selected agricultural commodities for MPS and PSE calculation comprise rice, coffee, tea, rubber, pepper, sugar, groundnut, cashew nut and pig meat. Their shares in total output exceed 70% allowing for a generalization of the calculated PSEs, thus roughly representing the whole agricultural sector. The finding is that most agricultural products were taxed in the mid 1980s until the mid 1990s. This was mainly due to the dominance and monopoly position of the state-owned sector, restrictive trade policies like import and export quotas and licenses, and distorted markets and prices in the country. The domestic reform process and the opening of the economy since the early 1990s, however, impacted on the gaps between the domestic and international prices. Thus, since the mid 1990s, the net support of agriculture became positive and increased - but still reaching only rather moderate levels. This study of Vietnam is the third comprehensive review conducted within an IFPRI project on understanding and assessing domestic and trade policies in the agricultural sector in developing countries. The data are meant to deliver a basis for further trade-related research to be conducted in the future. ; Seit 1986 hat sich Vietnam infolge mehrerer größerer Wirtschafts- und Handelsreformen von einem zentral geplanten hin zu einem marktorientierten System entwickelt. Die ersten positiven Ergebnisse des Reformprozesses wurden Anfang der neunziger Jahre sichtbar, als die Armutszahlen deutlich zurückgingen. Zudem verzeichnete der vietnamesische Agrarsektor ein hohes Wachstum und beeindruckende Exporterfolge. Das Land wandelte sich von einem Nahrungsmittelimporteur zu einem der größten Exporteure weltweit. Es stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit politische Stützungsmaßnahmen zu diesem Wachstum, speziell im Agrarsektor, beitrugen. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden innen- und handelspolitische Maßnahmen, die auf den Agrarsektor abzielen, untersucht und die Marktpreisstützung (MPS) sowie Produzentensubventionsäquivalente (PSEs) berechnet. Um den speziellen Bedingungen in Vietnam Rechnung zu tragen, werden Anpassungen für landes- und produktspezifische Faktoren vorgenommen, z.B. für Transportkosten, Marketingmargen und die Qualitätsunterschiede der Export- oder Importprodukte an der Grenze und im Inland. Zur Berechnung der MPS und PSEs wurden folgende Agrarerzeugnisse ausgewählt: Reis, Kaffee, Tee, Kautschuk, Pfeffer, Zucker, Erdnüsse, Cashewnüsse und Schweinefleisch. Da der Anteil dieser Produkte an der Gesamtproduktion mehr als 70% beträgt, lässt sich eine Verallgemeinerung der errechneten PSEs vornehmen, welche somit den gesamten Agrarsektor repräsentieren. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass die meisten Agrarprodukte während der achtziger bis Mitte der neunziger Jahre besteuert wurden. Dies lag im Wesentlichen an der Dominanz und Monopolstellung des staatlichen Sektors, an einer restriktiven Handelspolitik durch Import- und Exportquoten und Lizenzen sowie an verzerrten Märkten und Preisen im Land. Der inländische Reformprozess und die Öffnung der Wirtschaft Anfang der neunziger Jahre beeinflussten jedoch die Diskrepanz zwischen Inlandspreisen und internationalen Preisen. So nahm seit Mitte der neunziger Jahre die Netto-Agrarunterstützung steigende positive Werte an, die sich allerdings immer noch auf vergleichsweise niedrigem Niveau bewegten. Diese umfassende Untersuchung von Vietnam ist die dritte Studie, die innerhalb eines IFPRI-Projektes vorgenommen wurde, und zum besseren Verständnis und zur Einschätzung innen- und handelspolitischer Maßnahmen im Agrarsektor in Entwicklungsländern beitragen soll. Die Studie ist auch als Datenbasis für künftige handelsbezogene Forschung zu verstehen.

Chapter 1. Introduction: Beyond Borders, Labels, and Divides -- Chapter 2. Decolonizing the Classroom: Settler Colonialism, Knowledge Production, and Antiracism -- Chapter 3. Interfaith Dialogue: Managing Paradoxes -- Chapter 4. Harmony: Essence and Applications to Dialogue -- Chapter 5. Not Transition, But Translation: A Dialogic Approach to 'Differences' in a Korean Diasporic Evangelical Church -- Chapter 6. Los Seis de Boulder Sculpture Project: A Reflection on Dialogue and Community Building Through Art-Making -- Chapter 7. Writing Black Queers into Existence: A South African Model for Dialogue Among Oppressed Groups -- Chapter 8. Intergroup Dialogue for Social Healing: Creating Spaces of Collective Hope and Transformation -- Chapter 9. Experiential Ecological and Art-Based Practices for Reconnecting with Mother Earth and with Each Other -- Chapter 10. Dialogic Learning in the Time of a Global Pandemic and Beyond -- Chapter 11. Relationality as a Way of Being: A Pedagogy of Classroom Conversations -- Chapter 12. Dialogue and Systems Theory: Teaching Public Conversations in Family Therapy -- Chapter 13. Honoring Culture, Holding Complexity: Synthesis and Emerging Possibilities in Dialogue.

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the role of risk management, speculative industry competition effect and hot issue markets. We used a sample of 260 initial public offerings (IPOs) in the Australian resource sector for the 1994–2004 period to test the underpricing effect. We do not find any evidence that risk management can reduce the uncertainty relating to the new issue and hence alleviate the extent of underpricing. A plausible explanation for this lack of evidence is the poor information content of publicly available disclosures regarding risk management activities of IPO firms. We further provide evidence that the underpricing returns for resources IPOs are not impacted upon by the strength of alternative speculative IPO markets. We also show that the degree of underpricing adjusts to both market return in the preceding three months and the average underpricing of resources IPOs in the 12 month period leading to the float which offers an explanation to the hot issue effect observed in the IPO market.

Research aims: This study focuses on the correlation between tax revenue, investment, and economic growth, taking into account the non-linear effects of tax revenue.Design/Methodology/Approach: Macro data of nine countries in ASEAN (including Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) in 2000 - 2020 were extracted from the World Bank database. This research employed panel data estimations.Research findings: This study found statistical evidence of a negative effect of tax revenue on economic growth. However, when considering the non-linear effects of tax revenue, the empirical findings showed that higher tax revenue could reduce the disadvantages of tax impacts to boost economic growth. The negative effect of taxes is as obvious as the economic growth theories, but it depends on the taxation revenue. Lower tax revenue may encourage saving and investment, but it also leads to an increased government deficit, reducing economic growth through government debt, spending and investment. Moreover, this study provides consistent evidence of investment's positive effect on economic growth in ASEAN countries during the research period.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The theoretical contribution provides evidence on the direct effect of tax revenue and investment on economic growth with a broader understanding of the tax's non-linear effects and investment contributions in the ASEAN. The study confirms the vital role of government activity in regulating the development of the economy through taxation and investment. Practitioner/Policy implication: The severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased macroeconomic uncertainties, including uncertainty over savings, investment, and spending, potentially leading to tax revenue and investment losses. It, in turn, affects economic activities, so it requires careful consideration. Learned lessons from this study can prepare for future economic shocks and financial crises to reduce negative impacts on economic growth, ...

Rural finance has long been an important tool for poverty reduction and rural development by donors and governments, but the impacts have been controversial. Measuring impact is challenging due to identification problems caused by selection bias and governments' targeted interventions, while randomised trial data are scarce and limited to contexts where little to no rural finance exists. Using an author-collected dataset, we provide insights on a large-scale long-lasting sub- sidised rice credit programme in Myanmar, one of the poorest and, until recently, most economical ly isolated countries in Asia. Identification relies on a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, exploiting an arbitrary element to the credit provision rule which is based on rice landholding size. Although we find little evidence that rice yield or output is increased, we do see that the programme has some positive effects on total household income, suggesting a positive spillover effect on other farm income activities.