This study examines the impacts of board characteristics and firm size on firm performance: evidence from Vietnamese listed firms (HOSE) for the 2016-2020 period. The study controls for endogeneity and simultaneously problems using the dynamic panel technique of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with a data set of 344 companies (1,339 observations) in all industries excluding financial institutions. The research results show that board size (BSI), CEO duality (CEO), big 4 audit (B4A) and firm size (FIS) have significant position relationships with firms' performance while there is a negative correlation between Board gender diversity (BGD) and firms' performance. The data also reveal that the lagged dependent variable in the estimated model is significant in explaining the connection of board gender diversity, firm size and big 4 audit, indicating that the estimation models in our study are reasonable.
The economic recession led to the economic downturn, loss of jobs and income, and the risk of falling back into the poverty of near-poor and poor households. This recession caused an increase in child labor. This study aimed to analyze the concept of child and child labor under a regulatory framework and assess how the economic downturn affects child labor in Vietnam. This study used analytical research methods through synthesis, comparison, and legal analysis, emphasizing literary research based on secondary research data. This study showed that the economic downturn increased the proportion of child labor because the parents and the family's breadwinner are unemployed or cut down on their income. Children were out of school to help household businesses or look for work for extra income. The economic downturn increased the number of children working in unsafe working conditions. It increased the risk of children being forced into illegal jobs prohibited and exposing children to labor to risk forced labor. It resulted in difficulties preventing and eliminating child labor, especially in a developing country like Vietnam, due to the high number of employees working in the informal sector, who were often unsupported by social security policies such as unemployment insurance and social insurance. This study suggested that the Government should establish policies to promote sustainable economic development and promulgate appropriate social security policies to promptly support workers and their families out of difficulties caused by job loss. Also, it should organize the effective implementation of regulations on eliminating child labor and raise social awareness in preventing and eliminating child labor. KEYWORDS: Economic Downturn, Child Labor, COVID-19 Pandemic.
Abstract Tourism is a growing service economic sector that creates jobs for many communities in the world. Ethnic minority communities in many countries are also now taking part in tourism activities. Vietnam is a country with great potentials for natural landscapes, historical values, indigenous culture of ethnic groups with habits and lifestyles, rich culinary culture of regions. It is the basis for development of tourism. Through tourism, tourists will understand the daily life of indigenous peoples, but at the same time people in these ethnic minority communities will have the opportunity to access popular cultural phenomena. This thesis discusses the ethnic minority communities' access to popular culture through tourism such as mass media, popular culinary culture or mass tourism. The case study was conducted in a village of ethnic minorities in Hoa Binh province, North Vietnam which has been undergoing changes under the impact of tourism in recent years.
The personnel continuity of the leadership of the Vietnamese Communist Party is one of the remarkable facts characterizing the hitherto existing political stability in Vietnam. The paper seeks to approach this phenomenon by analyzing the social background of its members and by tracing their ascent during the organizational development of the party since 1941. The consistence of the political leadership in Vietnam can then be explained, first by the extraordinary social homogeneity in the personnel composition of the politburo and, second by the latent function of both Vietnam-wars which produced a revolutionary dlite that has limited the rise of bureaucrats as another type of leadership. These historical factors are now absent in the present political development. It is assumed that the next supersession of the present Vietnamese leadership would be associated with a change in type of leadership that could distort the political stability.
This paper analyzes the impact of export on economic growth in Vietnam. Our findings based on regression analysis of Vietnam data in the period 1990-2015 confirm a significant and positive relationship between export and Vietnam economic growth. Export plays an important role in the Vietnam economic development by accelerating the industrialization and modernization process in this country. Particularly, the export has a positive impact on GDP growth of the current year and also the one in two years later (2 years of delayed entry). On the basis of results obtained, we propose some recommendations for local government and export firm in order to promote export and its impact by contributing to sustainable economic development of commodity-exporting emerging and developing countries.
The overall objective of this study is aimed at measuring the vulnerability of different social groups to salinity intrusion and related issues in coastal communities of the Mekong delta to improve our understandings on slow-onset hazards as salinity intrusion which receive less attention on one hand and help decision makers develop suitable adaptation measures on the other hand. The study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to measure vulnerability. First, a participatory vulnerability analysis approach was used to identify the most vulnerable groups and their capacities. Second, by using factor analysis technique based on 512 respondents at household level, twenty indicators belong to three elements of vulnerability such as exposure, susceptibility and adaptive capacity were selected to construct a vulnerability index. The results showed that salinity intrusion, freshwater scarcity, drought and tidal influences are the most important hazards in the coastal areas of the Mekong delta and they seem to be increased recent years. To cope with and to adapt to such hazards the governments and local people have been developed many strategies and measures including dyke buildings, changes in farming techniques, financial supports for production recovery from disasters, ground water exploitation and income diversifications. However, the current adaptation options have shown some limitations because they do not fully consider the differences in terms of ecological, social and economic environments. The results obtained with the help of composite indicators depicted that the vulnerability of people highly depends on such conditions. Therefore, future adaptation strategies should take into account these in order to identify different social groups, especially the most vulnerable ones as the poor, minority ethnic groups and people living outside the dyke systems. Through the study, a VAFSLO framework (Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Slow-onset hazard) and LIWISLO approach (Living With Slow-onset hazard) have been developed which can be used for vulnerability assessment and management of slow-onset hazards, especially under climate change and sea level rise contexts. ; Vulnerabilität und Anpassung gegenüber Salzwasserintrusion in das Mekong Deltas in Vietnam Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Messung von Vulnerabilität von ausgewählten Küstengemeinden des Mekong Deltas in Vietnam gegenüber Salzwasserintrusion. Bisher hat diese schleichende Naturgefahr vergleichsweise wenig Aufmerksamkeit von Forschung und Politik erhalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt daher darauf ab, Entscheidungsträgern mögliche Anpassungsmöglichkeiten lokaler Gemeinden aufzuzeigen. Zur Messung der Vulnerabilität werden in dieser Arbeit eine Kombination aus quantiativen und qualitativen Methoden herangezogen. Durch eine partizipative Vulnerabilitätsanalyse wurden in einem ersten Schritt die am stärksten gefährdeten Gruppen und deren Kapazitäten identifiziert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde mithilfe der Faktorenanalyse zwanzig Indikatoren identifiziert und drei Vulnerabilitätselemente klassifiziert: Exposition, Anfälligkeit und Anpassungskapazität. Als Datengrundlage diente die Befragung von 512 Haushalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Salzwasserintrusion, Süßwasserknappheit, Dürre und den Einluss der Gezeiten die wichtigsten Naturgefahren in den Küstenregionen des Mekong Deltas darstellen. Alle vier Naturgefahren scheinen sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit zu intensivieren. Bewältigungsund Anpassungsstrategien von lokalen Regierungen und Gemeinden schließen den Deichbau, technische Veränderung in der Argrawirtschaft, finanzielle Unterstützung für den Wiederaufbau, Grundwassererschließung sowie Einkommensdiversifizierung ein. Diese Anpassungstrategien sind oftmals durch eine Missachtung von ökologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen lokaler Gemeinden gekennzeichnet. Die Ergebnisse der Faktorenanalyse in dieser Studie deuten allerdings darauf hin, dass gerade diese Rahmenbedingungen von entscheidender Beudetung für lokale Vulnerabilität sind. Zukünftige Anpassungsstrategien sollten diese Rahmenbedingungen daher beachten um ihre Wirkung auch für marginalisierte soziale Gruppen wie etwa ethnische Minderheiten und Bewohner außerhalb des Deichsystems zu entfalten. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Ergbnisse entwickelt diese Studie die VAFSLO (Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Slow-onset hazard) und LIWISLO (Living With Slow-onset hazard) Analyserahmen für die Vulnerabilitätsmessung und für das Management von schleichenden Naturgefahren im Kontext des Klimawandels und des Meeresspiegelanstiegs.
This paper will discuss the financial autonomy in training public human resources in foreign countries in Binh Thuan province. The process of financial autonomy helps Binh Thuan province be proactive in dealing with its performances in many aspects, especially in training public human resources. Although central government has built many training policies, the training focuses on the fields that meet the general requirements of the whole country. This leads to the situation that the trained majors could be suitable for this locality but they do not fix for others. Thus, Binh Thuan province takes advantages of financial autonomy to train public human resources in the own fields that meet the real demands of socio-economic development. Key words: financial autonomy, fiscal decentralization, oversea civil-servant training programme, training evaluation
Auf dem Hintergrund der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen während und nach der französischen Kolonialherrschaft stellt der Verfasser des Handbuchartikels die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften Vietnams dar. Im weiteren werden Aufbau und Organe des 'Allgemeinen Gewerkschaftsbundes Vietnam' sowie dessen Funktion und Aufgaben erläutert. Der Autor stellt fest, daß die Gewerkschaftsorganisation in der sozialistischen Volksrepublik Vietnam kein Gegenpart des Staates, sondern vielmehr einen verlängerten Arm der staatlichen Administration darstellen. Ergänzt wird die inhaltliche Darstellung durch Literaturhinweise und die Anschrift des Gewerkschaftsbundes. (KS)
