Suchergebnisse

The concept of freight transport management (FTM) is perceived as an aspect of traffic management that has a significant influence on freight transport. A review of relevant literature gives descriptions of numerous FTM measures. Multi-dimensional approaches to optimize freight transport, production and logistics processes should be considered when assessing the impacts of FTM measures. The assessment method utilised during the planning process stages for estimating these impacts should be based on the type of measures being reviewed, and on the sector under consideration. In addition, for efficiency reasons, it is not appropriate to carry out impact assessments of all measures or to select only one single method for all circumstances. Therefore, a multi-stage assessment method is necessary for first assessment and classification, and then a detailed quantitative analysis of the selected measures only needs to occur. With this approach, the risk associated with limitations of individual measures is mitigated in initial preselection stages and efficiency is improved, as a thorough and detailed impact assessment of the core effects of measures shortlisted in the classification stage are examined. The objective of this study is to develop a method to investigate and assess the impacts of FTM measures on production, logistics and traffic. In this study, firstly, a framework for FTM is discussed to provide a theoretical foundation for this study as a whole. It includes freight transport system analysis, an overview of the FTM concept, and a summary of FTM measures identified in various case studies. Secondly, a multi-stage impact assessment method for FTM measures is developed, which enables quick classification of adopted measures, and detailed quantitative impact analysis. Explanation of the development pro-cess starts with a review of the overall transport decision-making process in general and the impact assessment methods for FTM measures in particular. The discussion of pros and cons of existing assessment methods is brought into focus. Subsequently, a multi-stage impact assessment method for FTM measures is developed by which the core effects of the measures can be effectively estimated and captured. The proposed method is composed of two main stages. The first stage serves as a preselection of measures with a focus on defining and classifying the measures based on qualitative or partly-quantitative methods. The second stage investigates the core effects of selected measures using quantitative methods to carry out detailed analysis. The rice industry in Vietnam was selected to be a case study for this application since data is available to test various kinds of impacts caused by FTM measures. Additionally, there is a high level of freight traffic with a bundle of FTM measures applied in the rice industry. Traffic volume due to rice transport is increasing quickly and contributes up to 21% of the total freight traffic volume on some key transport corridors, for example from the Mekong Delta to Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Vietnam is also currently the second largest rice exporter in the world. The rice industry involves various stakeholders such as farmers, collectors, millers, polishers, food companies, wholesalers, retailers and so forth, and knowledge of the decision-making behaviour of those stakeholders is needed to predict their reactions to FTM measures. The results of the first assessment stage in the rice industry show that high ratings have been given to two FTM measures: the establishment of a regional rice logistics centre and the improvement of national highway (NH) 1A from the Mekong Delta to HCMC. The second assessment stage is a detailed impact assessment of preselected measures based on a detailed and comprehensive sector analysis. In this stage, quantitative assessment is carried out to determine impacts related to changes in the supply chain, and impacts on transport mode choices in the rice industry. A total logistics cost (TLC) model serves as the core tool for analysis of the rice industry, differentiating a disaggregated population of rice commodity flows and distribution centre locations. Final assessment results show that an establishment of a regional rice logistics centre can result in a modal shift away from trucks and this is contributing to improved traffic safety and the quality of the environment in affected areas. The improvement of NH 1A is expected to increase average speeds and reduce freight transport time from the Mekong Delta to HCMC. Combining the measures of rice logistics centre establishment and NH 1A improvement can maximise economic efficiency through significant reduction in TLC for the rice industry. Safety and environmental benefits can al-so be achieved at the rice industry and transport network level. In summary, with a multi-stage impact assessment approach it has been demonstrated that it is possible to investigate and assess the impacts of FTM measures on production and logis-tics. Also, the proposed method in this study emphasises the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the assessment process, and allows for capturing and estimating the core effects of these measures. As noted above, the TLC model is utilised to assess the impacts of FTM measures and the application of the TLC model, as in this study, can be seen as one of the key methods in assessing FTM measure impacts that is based on comprehensive sector analysis. The study is expected to be of value for governmental and local transport authorities in providing suitable methods for assessing FTM policies. Although the study has achieved its goal, there are some inevitable limitations. Firstly, detailed quantitative impact assessment can only take place when extensive data is available, which may hinder the application of the proposed method in practice. Secondly, the application of the method developed in this study focuses on the Vietnamese rice industry and the specific constraints and demands of freight transport management in this context. Therefore, it should be applied to other sectors to determine further the potential generalization of findings in other contexts. Lastly, the study addresses a new and complex field of research in its focus on impact assessment methods for FTM measures. However, this field continues to receive less attention than passenger transport due to the complex characteristics of freight transport systems. This study is expected to contribute to enriching the theoretical and empirical understanding of FTM measures and their effective management.

The overall objective of this study is aimed at measuring the vulnerability of different social groups to salinity intrusion and related issues in coastal communities of the Mekong delta to improve our understandings on slow-onset hazards as salinity intrusion which receive less attention on one hand and help decision makers develop suitable adaptation measures on the other hand. The study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to measure vulnerability. First, a participatory vulnerability analysis approach was used to identify the most vulnerable groups and their capacities. Second, by using factor analysis technique based on 512 respondents at household level, twenty indicators belong to three elements of vulnerability such as exposure, susceptibility and adaptive capacity were selected to construct a vulnerability index. The results showed that salinity intrusion, freshwater scarcity, drought and tidal influences are the most important hazards in the coastal areas of the Mekong delta and they seem to be increased recent years. To cope with and to adapt to such hazards the governments and local people have been developed many strategies and measures including dyke buildings, changes in farming techniques, financial supports for production recovery from disasters, ground water exploitation and income diversifications. However, the current adaptation options have shown some limitations because they do not fully consider the differences in terms of ecological, social and economic environments. The results obtained with the help of composite indicators depicted that the vulnerability of people highly depends on such conditions. Therefore, future adaptation strategies should take into account these in order to identify different social groups, especially the most vulnerable ones as the poor, minority ethnic groups and people living outside the dyke systems. Through the study, a VAFSLO framework (Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Slow-onset hazard) and LIWISLO approach (Living With Slow-onset hazard) have been developed which can be used for vulnerability assessment and management of slow-onset hazards, especially under climate change and sea level rise contexts. ; Vulnerabilität und Anpassung gegenüber Salzwasserintrusion in das Mekong Deltas in Vietnam Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Messung von Vulnerabilität von ausgewählten Küstengemeinden des Mekong Deltas in Vietnam gegenüber Salzwasserintrusion. Bisher hat diese schleichende Naturgefahr vergleichsweise wenig Aufmerksamkeit von Forschung und Politik erhalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt daher darauf ab, Entscheidungsträgern mögliche Anpassungsmöglichkeiten lokaler Gemeinden aufzuzeigen. Zur Messung der Vulnerabilität werden in dieser Arbeit eine Kombination aus quantiativen und qualitativen Methoden herangezogen. Durch eine partizipative Vulnerabilitätsanalyse wurden in einem ersten Schritt die am stärksten gefährdeten Gruppen und deren Kapazitäten identifiziert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde mithilfe der Faktorenanalyse zwanzig Indikatoren identifiziert und drei Vulnerabilitätselemente klassifiziert: Exposition, Anfälligkeit und Anpassungskapazität. Als Datengrundlage diente die Befragung von 512 Haushalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Salzwasserintrusion, Süßwasserknappheit, Dürre und den Einluss der Gezeiten die wichtigsten Naturgefahren in den Küstenregionen des Mekong Deltas darstellen. Alle vier Naturgefahren scheinen sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit zu intensivieren. Bewältigungsund Anpassungsstrategien von lokalen Regierungen und Gemeinden schließen den Deichbau, technische Veränderung in der Argrawirtschaft, finanzielle Unterstützung für den Wiederaufbau, Grundwassererschließung sowie Einkommensdiversifizierung ein. Diese Anpassungstrategien sind oftmals durch eine Missachtung von ökologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen lokaler Gemeinden gekennzeichnet. Die Ergebnisse der Faktorenanalyse in dieser Studie deuten allerdings darauf hin, dass gerade diese Rahmenbedingungen von entscheidender Beudetung für lokale Vulnerabilität sind. Zukünftige Anpassungsstrategien sollten diese Rahmenbedingungen daher beachten um ihre Wirkung auch für marginalisierte soziale Gruppen wie etwa ethnische Minderheiten und Bewohner außerhalb des Deichsystems zu entfalten. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Ergbnisse entwickelt diese Studie die VAFSLO (Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Slow-onset hazard) und LIWISLO (Living With Slow-onset hazard) Analyserahmen für die Vulnerabilitätsmessung und für das Management von schleichenden Naturgefahren im Kontext des Klimawandels und des Meeresspiegelanstiegs.

Summary.vi List of figures.vii List of tables.x List of pictures, maps and diagrams.xiii Abbreviations and Equivalents.xiv Chapter 1: Introduction.1 1.1. The necessity of the theme.1 1.2. Literature review.4 1.3. Aims of the dissertation.7 1.4. Research sites: Vietnam today.8 1.4.1. Geography and population.8 1.4.2. Natural resources.10 1.4.3. Infrastructure. 10 1.4.3.1. Highway system.10 1.4.3.2. Railway.10 1.4.3.3. Inland waterways.10 1.4.3.4. Ports.11 1.4.3.5. Airport and Civil Aviation.11 1.4.4. Telecommunication.11 1.4.5. Economy and foreign relations.12 1.4.6. Religions.12 1.4.7. Education.12 1.4.8. Healthcare.13 1.4.9. Politics and governance.13 1.5. Methods.15 1.6. Hypotheses.17 Chapter 2: Industrialization and family changes in Vietnam (1986 - 2010).19 2.1. Industrialization of Vietnam society.19 2.1.1. Number and rate of urban population in the country.20 2.1.2. The growth of GDP.25 2.1.2.1. Overview of GDP since 1986.25 2.1.2.2. The GDP per person.27 2.1.3. Economic structure shift.28 2.2. Social changes affecting Vietnamese families.30 2.2.1. Replacing the outdated family values with the new ones.30 2.2.1.1. The freedom of spouse choice.30 2.2.1.2. The changes of women ́s position in education, employment and political participation.40 2.2.1.2.1. Overview of the changes of Vietnamese women ́s position.41 2.2.1.2.2. Vietnamese women in education.45 2.2.1.2.3. Vietnamese women in employment.51 2.2.1.2.4. Vietnamese women ́s political participation.54 2.2.2. The "new cultured family" campaign.60 2.3. Diversity of present day rural and urban Vietnamese families.63 2.3.1. Nuclear family.69 2.3.2. Extended family.71 2.3.3. Family at husband's home (Patrilocal).74 2.3.4. Family at wife's home (Matrilocal).75 2.3.5. Making a separate home (Neolocal).76 Chapter 3: Economic function in Vietnamese families.78 3.1. Introduction.78 3.2. Household income in Vietnam.79 3.2.1. Average household income.79 3.2.2. Structure of Vietnamese households' income sources.84 3.3. Household expenditures.91 3.3.1. The expense ...

Franchising is an increasingly popular business expansion strategy. In its contemporary business format mode it is a method of business operation which has revolutionised the distribution of goods and services in virtually all industry sectors in most countries. The late development of franchising in Vietnam has been the result of the late development of the economic and legal system necessary to support it. The Doi Moi reforms in 1986 introduced a market economy which is a necessary prerequisite for the development of franchising - but the development of the franchise sector was constrained by the lack of a clear legal framework. Franchising was not recognised as a discrete business relationship and there were both legal and commercial challenges to its implementation. As part of its extensive law modernisation process preparatory to WTO accession in January 2007 Vietnam introduced a dedicated franchise law which provided the legal infrastructure for the orderly development of its franchise sector. The Franchise Law introduced in 2006 was the turning point in the development of franchising in Vietnam. It has been the Government s response to the demand for a definitive legal framework for franchising through the introduction of the Franchise Law which has led to the adoption of the franchising strategy by local and international entrepreneurs. This thesis investigates the role of the Franchise Law in the development of franchising in Vietnam. It reports the result of a qualitative multiple case study which suggests that although the Franchise Law is a necessary prerequisite for the healthy development of franchising in Vietnam it is not an exclusive factor. Social, cultural, commercial and economic factors, and legal enforcement issues, also play an important role in the adoption of franchising. The thesis also suggests that the comprehensive western business format franchise strategy is not necessarily the most appropriate model for Vietnam s developing franchise sector.

Background : There were more than 170,000 documented DUs in Vietnam as of June 2012 and it was estimated that 80% of them are heroin injectors. Vietnam started its National MMT Program with a successful pilot project in 2008-2009 in Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City. In early 2010, the Vietnam Government approved a scale-up plan with the goal to provide MMT to 80,000 DUs by 2015. Approximately 10,000 DUs were receiving MMT in Vietnam in late 2012. Objective : (1) To describe perceived facilitators of and barriers to MMT enrollment among opioid IDUs in Hai Phong; (2) To characterize the opioid current IDU population in Hai Phong regarding characteristics and factors that may influence MMT enrollment; (3) To identify factors associated with MMT enrollment among opioid IDUs in Hai Phong. Methods : Study sites were 2 urban and 2 rural districts in Hai Phong, randomly selected from districts with operating MMT clinics. Qualitative study : In-depth interviews were conducted anonymously with 36 opioid IDUs (from 3 different groups). Cross-sectional survey : 600 current opioid IDUs were recruited via pharmacies and needle-and-syringe programs for anonymous ACASI interviews. Case-control study : Cases were 150 opioid IDUs who had registered for MMT, and controls were 446 current opioid IDUs who had never registered for MMT. For both cases and controls, data were collected anonymously by ACASI interviews. Results : From qualitative interviews , facilitators and barriers are presented in 3 levels: Structural, family and individual levels. Cross-sectional data on the following areas are presented: demographic and familial characteristics, drug use and cessation history, general health and HIV-related behaviors, MMT-related beliefs, attitude, social pressure and other factors that may influence MMT enrollment. Rural and urban participants were significantly different in many aspects. Based on case-control data , positive predictors and negative predictors of MMT registration are presented. Conclusion : Facilitators should be enhanced and barriers should be addressed by MMT program managers and policy makers in Vietnam. The cross-sectional data can be used for program planning and outreach purposes. The results on factors associated with MMT enrollment can be used to identify groups of IDUs who may need supports for MMT participation.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in many areas such as economy, security, military., including aerial photo shooting, traffic status updating, surveillance of building under construction and entertainment… Nowaday, the research in uavs is the most focused area, especially in autonomous controllers. In this paper, we propose a model of a real-time control algorithm for a fixed-wing uav in inverted v-tail configuration, including automatic takeoff phase, waypoint tracking phase and auto-landing phase. The algorithm is built as a standardized model on the matlab/simulink as well as using PID controllers for implemention. The performance of algorithm is simulated by using X-Plane – a simulator developed by Laminar Research and certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA- USA) to train pilots, which facilitates simulation flights with real time data and the highest degree of accuracy ; Máy bay không người lái (UAV) được sử dụng rộng rãi trong nhiều lĩnh vực như kinh tế, an ninh, quân sự, bao gồm các ứng dụng chụp ảnh, kiểm tra mật độ giao thông, giám sát xây dựng công trình. Thời gan gần đây, các cơ chế điều khiển tự động cho UAV được đặc biệt quan tâm nghiên cứu không chỉ để tăng tính an toàn vận hành mà còn nhằm mở rộng khả năng ứng dụng của UAV trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau. Trong bài báo này, các tác giả đề xuất một mô hình thuật toán tự động điều khiển theo thời gian thực với cấu hình máy bay cánh bằng đuôi V ngược, bao gồm điều khiển tự động cất cánh, dẫn đường và tự động hạ cánh. Mô hình phương thức điều khiển được xây dựng trên Matlab/Simulink và sử dụng bộ điều khiển PID để thực thi. Tính hiệu quả của phương thức điều khiển được kiểm chứng bằng mô phỏng thông qua công cụ phần mềm X-Plane – một phần mềm chứng nhận của cục Hàng không Hoa Kỳ cho việc đào tạo phi công.