Economic growth can be seen as one of priorities of the Vietnamese Government in recent years. This article aims to investigate factors affecting economic growth of Viet Nam in the last 40 years (1977-2016). Our results demonstrated that share of exports, foreign direct investment, value added of agriculture, forestry and fishery sector, and ASEAN participation had positive impacts on economic growth, while imports negatively affected economic growth of Viet Nam. Lastly, policies are recommended to the Vietnamese Government to enhance economic growth.
In Viet Nam, the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in recent years has become an essential mission to improve their performance in the context of international economic integration. It also represents the commitment of the Vietnamese Government to renovating economic institutions as well as constructing a market-oriented economy. This article aims to examine the reform of SOEs in Viet Nam. It finds that the net revenue positively affects the profit before taxes of SOEs, while sales expenses exert a negative impact on the profit before taxes. The article recommends policies to the government and SOEs to enhance performance and foster the achievement of the reform, including the enhancement of the roles of the state in SOEs, the transparency procedure of the reform, the improvement of the government's control and inspection in the equitization and divestment of SOEs, the selection of appropriate methods for equitization and divestment, the exact assessment of SOEs' value, and the consideration of the particular characteristics of different sectors.
In the study, the VECM was employed to evaluate the nexus between crude oil prices, energy use, trade openness, and economic growth of Vietnam between 1991 and 2020. It has been empirically found that economic growth of Vietnam was significantly and negatively influenced by crude oil prices and energy consumption in the short run. Results state that the development of trade openness may accelerate economic growth of this country. Further, the increase of crude oil prices can reduce energy consumption and trade openness of Vietnam. Trade openness can be promoted by energy consumption in the short run. In the long run, results suggest that the increase of crude oil prices may harm economic growth, while the rise of energy consumption may facilitate economic growth of Vietnam. The Johansen test demonstrates that there is a long-term relationship between crude oil prices, energy consumption, trade openness, and economic growth in Vietnam. Lastly, policies are recommended to ensure energy security, accelerate economic growth and achieve sustainable development for Vietnam.
The article examines the relationship between external debt, economic growth, unemployment and national expenditure in Viet Nam between 1987 and 2016. We found that the influence of a variable on other variables varies in the short run. We found that there are directional relationships between GDP and external debt and GDP and national expenditure. We also found that there are directional relationships between unemployment and external debt, GDP, and national expenditure. Results addressed directional relationships between national expenditure and external debt and GDP. There are two co-integrations among variables. In order to sustain macroeconomic stability in Viet Nam, fiscal policy should be re-examined to meet large development needs and monetary policy should be tightened to reduce credit growth. Specifically, external debt should be effectively managed by the government because an increase in external debt leads to a decrease in GDP and a growth of unemployment. Moreover, GDP should be facilitated to reduce unemployment in the economy. Lastly, unemployment needs to be controlled because it generates a boom of national expenditure and vice versa.
The share of agriculture in the gross domestic product of (GDP) in many countries has been declining. Yet agriculture still plays an important role in many developing country economies as the sector is a source of employment for an estimated 60 to 70 percent of the population in most developing countries. Most agricultural production in developing countries is associated with low productivity and poor income due to high dependence on subsistence farming with minimal technology as well as poor access to markets. Contract farming is believed to improve productivity and income because it facilitates coordination between farmers and other actors in terms of production, processing and marketing of agricultural products. The effect of contract farming on income and productivity has been a subject of increasing research but most of the available information is aggregated and there is lack of detail analysis on the mechanisms of the effects. We conducted a systematic literature review of contract farming studies using keyword search strategy Econlit, Scopus and Science Direct search engines. The keywords "contract", "farming", "contract farming" were used in combination with the words "income", "productivity", "quantitative", "qualitative", "agriculture", "aquaculture", "developing", "developed" and "country". Initially a selection criteria for the potential studies were defined and used by the authors separately to select and rank 20 studies by importance. In the second round, the authors were provided with their own rankings as well as with the results of the first round for others. A revision of ranking was requested. Based on this approach a shortlist of 23 studies emerged; 11 on the impact of contract farming on productivity and 12 were on the effects of contract farming on income of producers. We conduct an in depth analyses of the selected studies and present evidence on the effect of contract farming on farmer productivity and income. Almost all the selected studies analyzing the impact of contract farming on income argue that farmers' on contract farming schemes experienced some increase in their income.
