Suchergebnisse

This dissertation includes 4 chapters and examines the question whether the Chinese economic developments of the late 18th and early 19th century can be considered unique or were similar to the West.The dissertation states that late Imperial China was a special country with strong traditions and a unique inherited culture. However this "quality" was not so distinctive to divert the country's economic and political development trajectory. In a way China was a common country that still in the 19th century followed the "universal agrarian" path, as some Western nations did and other countries also did until recently.

This paper presents new archival evidence about the amount and structure of central government disaster relief during China's devastating flood of 1823. The flood affected 20 per cent of China's counties, and spending per capita was sizable and distributed between provinces depending on the intensity of flooding. Because of its relative small size and limited state capacity, the Chinese government ultimately spent about half of its annual tax revenues on relief during 1823. Given China's ensuing secular economic stagnation, this is consistent with models emphasising state capacity for economic growth.

This paper presents new archival evidence about amount and structure of central government disaster relief during China's devastating flood of 1823. While the flood affected 20 percent of China's counties, spending per capita was sizable and distributed between provinces depending on the intensity of flooding. However, because of its small relative size and thus limited state capacity the Chinese government had to spend about half of annual tax income on relief during 1823. We thus conclude that short-term disaster relief was prioritized by the Qing administration over long-term investments, which may have contributed to its secular economic stagnation.

Cai zheng shi guo jia zheng quan de yi sheng cun, guo jia ji qi lai yi yun zhuan de jing ji ji chu, ye shi guo jia wei shi xian qi ji ben mu biao yu zhi neng, can yu he guan li guo min shou ru de fen pei er xing cheng de ge zhong huo dong yu fen pei guan xi. cai zheng shi zheng zhi yu jing ji, zhong yang yu de fang zhi jian de lian xi niu dai, ben xiang yan jiu ji yu zai qian ren yan jiu de ji chu shang, yi tuo dang an deng xiang guan shi liao, dui zhe yi shi qi de cai zheng zhuang kuang zuo xi tong fen xi. tong shi, geng xi wang neng tong guo ben xiang yan jiu, zai ci qiang diao zheng zhi yin su zai guo jia zhuan xing, she hui bian ge zhong de zhong yao zuo yong. zhi yu mu biao shi fou neng gou da dao, hai you wang yu du zhe zhu jun pi ping zhi zheng

"Qing chao jia dao guan˰yan jiu"shi Bei jing shi fan da xue shi xue tan suo cong shu zhi yi. gu ming si yi, yan jiu le wo guo Qing chao Jia qing he Dao guang nian jian de guan˰wen ti. Quan shu gong fen wu zhang, nei rong bao kuo: xu lun, bian jiang bian mao ge guan, yun he Zhang jiang yan xian ge guan, yan hai ge guan, Jia Dao guan˰yu xiang guan wen ti

In recent decades, national income has become increasingly important as a measure of a nation's economic health. In this study, we used a wide array of primary and secondary sources to arrive at values of the Chinese per capita gross domestic product during the period of 1661–1933. We found a persistent decline in the per capita gross domestic product between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, followed by a period of stagnation. This pattern, which shows up in many Asian countries, with the exception of Japan, provides a basis for improving our understanding of the patterns of global economic convergence and divergence.