Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Title page -- Acknowledgements -- Copyright page -- About the Authors -- Contents -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SECONDARY URBANIZATION IN NAMIBIA -- 2.1 Namibia's Urban Hierarchy -- 2.2 History of Urbanization in Northern Namibia -- 2.3 Urban Geography of Oshakati-Ongwediva-Ondangwa -- 2.4 Rural-Urban Migration -- 2.5 Municipal Governance -- 3. METHODOLOGY -- 4. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.1 Household Size -- 4.2 Age and Sex of Household Members -- 4.3 Migration from Rural Areas -- 4.4 Level of Education -- 4.5 Types of Household -- 5. POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS -- 5.1 Income Inequality in Namibia -- 5.2 Housing Type -- 5.3 Household Income -- 5.4 Household Expenditure -- 5.5 Lived Poverty -- 6. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY -- 6.1 Measuring Household Food Insecurity -- 6.2 Household Food Insecurity Access -- 6.3 Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence -- 6.4 Household Dietary Diversity -- 6.5 Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning -- 6.6 Impact of Food Price Increases -- 6.7 Food Shocks -- 6.8 Food Insecurity and Household Income -- 6.9 Food Insecurity and Household Type -- 7. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SOURCES -- 7.1 Market Sources -- 7.2 Food Sourcing and Food Insecurity -- 7.3 Reasons for Supermarket Patronage -- 7.4 Purchasing of Different Food Items -- 8. HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE -- 8.1 Urban Agriculture -- 8.2 Rural Agriculture -- 8.3 Rural-Urban Food Transfers -- 8.4 Indigenous Food Consumption -- 9. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Back cover.

This is the first research report to examine the nature and drivers of food insecurity in the northern Namibian towns of Oshakati, Ongwediva, and Ondangwa. As well as forming part of a new body of research on secondary urbanization and food security in Africa, the report makes systematic comparisons between the food security situation in this urban corridor and the much larger capital city of Windhoek. A major characteristic of urbanization in Namibia is the perpetuation of rural-urban linkages through informal rural-to-urban food remittances. This survey found that 55% of households in the three towns receive food from relatives in rural areas. Urban households also farm in nearby rural areas and incorporate that agricultural produce into their diets. The survey showed that over 90% of households in the three towns patronize supermarkets, which is a figure far higher than for any other food source. Overall, food security is better in Namibia's northern towns than in Windhoek, where levels of food insecurity are particularly high. However, just because the food insecurity situation is less critical in the north, the majority of households in the urban corridor are not food secure. Like Windhoek, these towns also have considerable income and food security inequality, with households in the informal settlements at greatest risk of chronic food insecurity

Abstract
Rapid urbanisation and food system transformation in Africa have been accompanied by growing food insecurity, reduced dietary diversity, and an epidemic of non-communicable disease. While the contribution of wild and indigenous foods (WIF) to the quality of rural household diets has been the subject of longstanding attention, research on their consumption and role among urban households is more recent. This paper provides a case study of the consumption of WIF in the urban corridor of northern Namibia with close ties to the surrounding rural agricultural areas. The research methodology involved a representative household food security survey of 851 urban households using tablets and ODK Collect. The key methods for data analysis included descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression. The main findings of the analysis included the fact that WIFs are consumed by most households, but with markedly different frequencies. Frequent consumers of WIF are most likely to be female-centred households, in the lowest income quintiles, and with the highest lived poverty. Frequent consumption is not related to food security, but is higher in households with low dietary diversity. Infrequent or occasional consumers tend to be higher-income households with low lived poverty and higher levels of food security. We conclude that frequent consumers use WIF to diversify their diets and that occasional consumers eat WIF more for reasons of cultural preference and taste than necessity. Recommendations for future research include the nature of the supply chains that bring WIF to urban consumers, intra-household consumption of WIF, and in-depth interviews about the reasons for household consumption of WIF and preferences for certain types of wild food.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Editorial Note -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Counting -- Border Monitoring -- Origin and Destination Survey -- A Profile of ICBT Entrepreneurs -- Purpose of Trade -- Types and Values of Traded Goods -- Clothing -- Household and Other Goods -- Handicrafts -- Value of Goods -- Conducting Business -- Financial Transactions at Borders -- Treatment at the Border -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Back cover