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LAY SUMMARY The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan changed how civilians are integrated in military units, which has key implications for both personnel and the larger organization. Examining micro-effects is important because they reveal unintended consequences of personnel policies based on macro-level goals and assumptions. This article reviews 15 years of sociological research on micro-level outcomes across several key domains. Extant literature presents consistent findings of negative impacts of civilian integration on social comparisons, retention, cohesion, and mental health. Conversely, mixed results are found on military-civilian (mil-civ) integration on military culture and customs. This article also proposes a novel theoretical model to explain how these micro-effects affect macro-level military readiness. Accordingly, this article provides a framework to organize extant literature and identify new research linking micro-macro levels in military organizations. It is clear mil-civ blended forces produce unintended challenges for military readiness and individual personnel. Moving forward, more research is needed to examine unintended effects based on race and gender representation in a mil-civ blended force. There is much still unknown about the micro-level effects of systematically integrating civilians — for both military and civilian personnel — but what is clear is that it produces numerous unintended challenges for military readiness and individual service members.

Scientific criminology -- What is science? -- Assessing the properties of scientific criminology -- Progress within scientific fields -- Scientific progress in criminology -- Mechanistic science -- Mechanistic explanations -- Mechanism schemas -- Biosocial criminology -- Analytical criminology -- Mechanistic translations of criminological theories -- Social learning theory -- Social control theory -- General strain theory -- Mechanistic criminology -- Nondeclarative memory -- Declarative memory -- Theory of mind -- Conclusion -- References -- Subject index -- Author index.

This is a study of the contours of solidarity and division among the transnational social movements that represent the progressive forces of contemporary global civil society. We examine the relative sizes of these movements, their growth or decline over time, and the structure of links and disconnection among them. We also identify movements that serve as bridges between otherwise disconnected movements. Our research is based on network studies of web page linkages between movement organizations in 2004 and 2006, and on inter-movement participation of individuals who attended the 2005 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Both the web and survey analyses of transnational social movements show that the network of movements is multi-centric and does not have large factions. It is a robust structure, and cannot be easily coordinated by a single hierarchy. Thus, the discourse about diversity, tolerance and horizontal forms of organization that has been an important feature of the Social Forum process is quite appropriate to the network structure of the movement of movements. Adapted from the source document.

East, West, Central and South Asia originally formed somewhat separate cultural zones and networks of interaction among settlements and polities, but during the late Bronze and early Iron Ages these largely separate regional systems came into increasing interaction with one another. Central Asian nomadic steppe pastoralist polities and agricultural oasis settlements mediated the East/West and North/South interactions. Earlier research has discovered that the growth/decline phases of empires in East and West Asia became synchronous around 140 BCE and that this synchrony lasted until about 1800 CE. This paper develops the comparative world-systems perspective on Central Asia and examines the growth and decline of settlements, empires and steppe confederations in Central Asia to test the hypothesis that the East/West empire synchrony may have been caused by linkages that occurred with and across Central Asia1.

HauptbeschreibungFrom a decidedly multidisciplinary perspective, the articles in Transnational Political Spaces address the notion that political space is no longer fully congruent with national borders. Instead there are areas called transnational political spaces?caused by factors such as migration and social transformation?where policy occurs oblivious to national pressure. Organized into three sections?transnational actors, transnational spaces, and critical encounters?this volume explains how these spaces are formed and defined and how they can be traced and conceptualized. Aus interdiszip.

From a decidedly multidisciplinary perspective, the articles in Transnational Political Spaces address the notion that political space is no longer fully congruent with national borders. Instead there are areas called transnational political spaces—caused by factors such as migration and social transformation—where policy occurs oblivious to national pressure. Organized into three sections—transnational actors, transnational spaces, and critical encounters—this volume explains how these spaces are formed and defined and how they can be traced and conceptualized.Aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive gehen die Beiträge der Frage nach, wie transnationale politische Räume hervorgebracht und gestaltet werden. Dabei sind diese nicht rein territorial definiert: Einbezogen werden Identitäten und Interaktionen, die nationale Grenzen überschreiten – wie sie etwa durch Migration entstehen.