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The article analyzes the current state of Spanish-Latin American investment ties and assesses the prospects for their development. The research task of the article is to analyse the functioning of Spanish capital in the key Latin American region under the crisis conditions of the last five years. A distinctive feature of Spain among other EU members in the Latin American region is the institutional aspect, which has become one of the drivers of sustainable Spanish-Latin American investment cooperation, in which Iberoamerican multinational enterprises (MNEs) play a key role. To create an up-to-date panorama of investment interaction, the dynamics of Spanish foreign direct investment (FDI) flows the author does assesse their key corporate participants Spanish investments are characterized in comparison with global FDI flows to the region. The financial performance of the leading MNEs participating in the investment process is analysed this factor serves as an indicator to reflect current trends in Spanish-Latin American investment cooperation. The impact of the global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, the current tense geopolitical and geoeconomic situation is taken into account, the evolution of the dynamics of Spanish FDI in Latin America' and the Caribbean region (LAC) over the past five years is given, the reasons for the main changes and the prospects for their development are indicated. Examples of the processes of internationalization of individual Spanish companies are given. The conclusion is made about the continued dominance of investment as opposed to trade in the vector of Spanish interaction with the LAC countries, with a general decline in Spanish FDI flows, their reorganization, reorientation to Western countries and the existence of new global challenges to the sustainable growth of investment, the prospects for attracting FDI to the region are assessed. In this regard, challenges and associated opportunities are identified.

Abstract
This paper is a critical interpretation of the role of laughter in the work of Agnes Heller. Following the distinction between innate affect and culturally conditioned emotion, Heller argues that laughter is an affect that comes as the expressive reaction to the hiatus between the social and the natural. As such, laughter is ubiquitous and yet remains ultimately undefinable, because it signifies the unbridgeable gap between the two worlds that we inhabit at the same time. Laughter thus sonorously presents our human condition as expressible yet not graspable according to a single theory of laughter (superiority, relief, incongruity, and ambivalence, as defined by D. H. Monro), or any combination thereof. Paraphrasing Immanuel Kant, laughter is ultimately the instinct of reason that liberates us from the illusion that a resolution between the two conflicting constituents of our existence is ultimately possible.

The sustained economic development of China with integration into the world economy and the implementation of macro-regional initiatives that go beyond the traditional localization of Chinese national interests have revealed the need to expand the capabilities of the People's Liberation Army of China. Along with the creation of a strong army, China is actively building up its expeditionary potential. Such kind of military potential allows to project power into strategically important zones. The proposed article is devoted to identifying indicators of increasing the ability of the Chinese armed forces to operate outside China's borders in the «New era». The hypothesis of the study is that China is currently entering an era of development of forces capable of operating around the world, providing military protection to China's expanding global economic and political interests. In the article, the authors rely on a systematic approach that allows us to identify and analyze the main structural characteristics of the PLA's expeditionary potential at three levels: strategic, operational and tactical. The article analyzes military doctrines, concepts of the use of the PLA and the command structure. Special attention is also paid to the peculiarities of Chinese foreign operations and the logistical capabilities of the PLA to project its power in geographical spaces far away from the Chinese territory. The authors conclude that the PLA's expeditionary potential is becoming an increasingly popular means to achieve broad political and economic goals on a global scale. The increase in naval and air power projection facilities with an emphasis on the creation of competent ground units in this plane increases the mobility of the PLA to perform specific tasks. The military-civilian integration makes it possible to fill the lack of delivery vehicles and team sites.

In 2019, Spanish economy maintained the post-crisis growth rates of the 2010s' second half, although they were slightly lower than the average for the last period due to both, political and economic factors. The political uncertainty fueled by the necessity in holding four general elections in 2018–2019 has slowed down the search for consensus on reforming the country's financial system. The decline in domestic demand reflected the evolution of personal consumption and investment, while the contribution of external demand was attributable to a slowdown in imports and slightly stronger exports. Low inflation and almost zero interest rates in banks also provided a favorable situation. By the end of the first quarter of 2020, the generally positive economic outlook was largely undermined by the global economic crisis caused by the COVID 19 pandemic which affected humanity in all socio-economic aspects. In the short term, the decline in Spain's GDP and overall business activity is unprecedented since the country's democratic transition that started on 20 November 1975. Even the vibrant Spanish foreign economic sector was tied: both external and internal demand for almost any economy in the world was in an equal crisis state with the start of the pandemic. Many factors analyzed point to a more precarious position in Spain compared to other countries. The Bank of Spain expects the Spanish GDP to fall by double digits in 2020 and it looks like the most realistic scenario. The article analyzes the economic situation in Spain by the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic, examines the reaction of the national economy to the coronavirus, the individual measures of the Spanish government and the supranational institutions of the EU to combat the pandemic are analyzed, as well as a forecast regarding the post-crisis future of the country's economy is given. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project "Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation" supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

Resumo Este artículo describe la fonología segmental del chiquitano migueleño (familia macro-ye), una variedad severamente amenazada hablada en el municipio de San Miguel de Velasco (Santa Cruz, Bolivia). La fonología de esta variedad presenta una serie de procesos tanto léxicos como posléxicos, algunos de los cuales no han sido atestiguados en ninguna otra variedad del chiquitano. Se proponen 21 fonemas consonánticos, de los cuales 7 son marginales: /tʲ c ̠ ɕ ʂ/ son demostrablemente derivadas de |t p/k x ɾ| subyacentes mediante los procesos morfofonológicos de palatalización y ensordecimiento, /ɰ ŋ/ resultan de un proceso morfofonológico de epéntesis, mientras que /h/ es de baja frecuencia y alterna con cero. En cuanto al sistema vocálico, se proponen doce fonemas /a ɨ ɛ i o u ã ɨ̃ ɛ̃ ĩ õ ũ/, que se ensordecen en algunos ambientes. En la superficie, las nasales adquieren una fase consonántica si no están adyacentes a /ʔ/ o seguidas de /x/, excepto las secuencias tautosilábicas /aɛ̃ oɛ/, que jamás adquieren la fase consonántica. Además, se documenta un proceso que inserta la secuencia [jo] tras una /i/ final.

A reconstrução fonológica da protolíngua de Kaingáng, Kaingáng Paulista, Xokléng e Ingain (todas da região Sul do Brasil e áreas adjacentes) já foi abordada por vários pesquisadores. Este trabalho visa a reavaliar as decisões tomadas previamente em relação à reconstrução do sistema vocálico desta protolíngua, baseando-se em algumas idiossincrasias registradas sincronicamente nas línguas Kaingáng e Xokléng, assim como na comparação externa. Demonstra-se, por exemplo, que o Proto-Jê Meridional possuía dez vogais orais (e não nove). A análise de vários empréstimos da língua Mbyá na língua Kaingáng corrobora a hipótese. É apresentada ainda uma proposta de reconstrução do sistema vocálico do Proto-Jê, assim como as correspondências das vogais do Proto-Jê com o Maxakalí e o Proto-Jabutí.