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The purpose of this paper is to consider whether the European Union (EU)'s economic membership criteria for the Central & Eastern European countries (CEECs) & Cyprus (the Candidate Countries) are fulfilled. To this end, I examine the actual & potential levels of trade between the Candidate Countries & the EU countries using the gravity model. The results show a high degree of trade integration between all Candidate Countries & the EU, indicating that the Candidate Countries would not face any serious difficulties in coping with the competitive pressure & market forces within the Union in the medium term. The European Commission, however, suggested the contrary for some of the Candidate Countries in its opinions of 1997. 9 Tables, 21 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper presents four domains of markers that have been found to predict later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. These four domains are (1) data patterns of memory performance, (2) cardiovascular factors, (3) genetic markers, and (4) brain activity. The critical features of each domain are illustrated with data from the longitudinal Betula Study on memory, aging, and health ( Nilsson et al., 1997 ; Nilsson et al., 2004 ). Up to now, early signs regarding these domains have been examined one by one and it has been found that they are associated with later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, it was also found that each marker accounts for only a very small part of the total variance, implying that single markers should not be used as predictors for cognitive decline or neurodegenerative disease. It is discussed whether modeling and simulations should be used as tools to combine markers at different levels to increase the amount of explained variance.

The deregulation and integration of the Nordic electricity market into the European Union's internal electricity market will have a major impact on the current Swedish energy system. In particular, Swedish hydropower, the mainstay of Swedish energy, will have a significantly different role under these new conditions. The price of electricity can logically be expected to rise and to fluctuate more on a daily basis, leading to a considerable increase in profits for suppliers as they adapt their operations.The primary purpose of this study, which forms a basis for further research, is to investigate the fundamental operational changes that will occur when profits are maximised along with their economical effects. It contains, in particular, optimisation calculations which show how hydropower plants must be operated to achieve maximum profit under these new constraints. The larger of the two main models, which have been developed to perform this analysis, represents a vital area in Indalsälven, which contains plants owned by Jämtkraft AB in Östersund, while the smaller is of Stångån with plants owned by Tekniska Verken AB in Linköping.The results show that revenue will generally double when hydropower operations are altered from the traditional yearly based focus to a more day to day focus as the border of the energy system expands and the electricity markets of today are integrated into a homogeneous deregulated European one. ; Avregleringen och integreringen av den nordiska elmarknaden i unionens inre elmarknad kommer att ge stora effekter på det nuvarande svenska energisystemet. I synnerhet vattenkraften som har varit en av grundpelarna i detta, kommer att spela en signifikant annorlunda roll under dessa nya omständigheter. Priset på el kan logiskt förväntas stiga och anta en mer dygnsvarierande karaktär än tidigare vilket kommer att ge avsevärt högre vinster då producenterna kommer att anpassa driften efter detta.I den här studien som utgör ett fundament för vidare forskning utreds i första hand de grundläggande driftsändringar som kommer att inträffa då vinsten maximeras men även den ekonomiska aspekten på detsamma kartläggs. Studien omfattar i huvudsak optimerande beräkningar som visar hur vattenkraftverken kommer att drivas för att uppnå en maximal avkastning utefter dessa nya randvillkor. Modellerna som har utvecklats för att analysera detta avbildar ett stycke från Indalsälven med anläggningar ägda av Jämtkraft i Östersund som storskaligt tillämpningsexempel samt en mindre modell som beskriver ett stycke av Stångån med anläggningar ägda av Tekniska Verken i Linköping. Modellerna analyserar en mängd olika scenarion vad gäller vattentillgång med medeltillrinning samt en mängd autentiska årstillrinningar.Resultaten visar i stort att intäkten kommer att fördubblas då driften ändras från den traditionellt årsfokuserade till en mer dygnsvarierad, då systemgränserna utvidgas i och med integreringen i en europeisk avreglerad elmarknad.