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We discuss the latest developments in alternative battery systems based on sodium, magnesium, zinc and aluminum. In each case, we categorize the individual metals by the overarching cathode material type, focusing on the energy storage mechanism. Specifically, sodium-ion batteries are the closest in technology and chemistry to today's lithium-ion batteries. This lowers the technology transition barrier in the short term, but their low specific capacity creates a long-term problem. The lower reactivity of magnesium makes pure Mg metal anodes much safer than alkali ones. However, these are still reactive enough to be deactivated over time. Alloying magnesium with different metals can solve this problem. Combining this with different cathodes gives good specific capacities, but with a lower voltage (<1.3 V, compared with 3.8 V for Li-ion batteries). Zinc has the lowest theoretical specific capacity, but zinc metal anodes are so stable that they can be used without alterations. This results in comparable capacities to the other materials and can be immediately used in systems where weight is not a problem. Theoretically, aluminum is the most promising alternative, with its high specific capacity thanks to its three-electron redox reaction. However, the trade-off between stability and specific capacity is a problem. After analyzing each option separately, we compare them all via a political, economic, socio-cultural and technological (PEST) analysis. The review concludes with recommendations for future applications in the mobile and stationary power sectors.

Jing Luo,1,2,* Yide He,1,* Fanhui Meng,1,3,* Ning Yan,1 Yumei Zhang,1 Wen Song1 1State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou 510010, People's Republic of China; 3State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Materials, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yumei Zhang Email wqtzym@fmmu.edu.cnWen Song Email songwenfmmu@hotmail.comBackground: The proper topography of implant surface can induce macrophages polarization, whereas the regulation mechanism has not been fully deciphered. The study aimed to examine the regulation mechanism of macrophages M2 polarization by titanium (Ti) implant surface micro/nano topography.Results: Firstly, the titanium implant micropits-nanotubular surface with ∼ 30 nm diameters (MNT) can induce the M2 polarization of RAW264.7 spontaneously, as indicated by the spindle-like cell morphological alteration and specific molecular marker arginase-1 (Arg1) expression. Next, the autophagic vacuoles (AVs) number is significantly increased on MNT surface, as confirmed by the monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and CYTO-ID staining as well as the transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. In addition, increasing or decreasing the autophagosomes number by rapamycin or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) will result in augmentation or attenuation of Arg1. Furthermore, blocking the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes by bafilomycin also significantly reduces Arg1, even in the presence of rapamycin. Finally, the ERK phosphorylation is selectively upregulated on MNT surface and the AVs number and Arg1 expression are significantly suppressed by U0126 treatment.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the ERK-Beclin-1-autophagy axis may play a pivotal role in the regulation of M2 polarization induced by nanotopography.Keywords: macrophages polarization, micro/nano topography, TiO2 nanotubes, autophagy, ERK

Health is a multidimensional and continual concept. Traditional latent analytic approaches have inherent deficits in capturing the complex nature of the concept; however, the Grade of Membership (GoM) model is well suited for this problem. We applied the GoM method to a set of 31 indicators to construct ideal profiles of health status based on physical, mental and social support items among 848 adult twins from Qingdao, China. Four profiles were identified: healthy individuals (pure type I), individuals with personality disorders (pure type II), individuals with mental impairments (pure type III) and individuals with physical impairments (pure type IV). The most frequently occurring combination in this population was profiles I, II, IV (14.74%), followed by profiles I, II, III, IV (13.44%), and then type I (11.08%). Only 13.56% of subjects fell completely into one single pure type, most individuals exhibited some of the characteristics of two or more pure types. Our results indicated that, compared to conventional statistical methods, the GoM model was more suited to capture the complex concept of health, reflecting its multidimensionality and continuity, while also exhibiting preferable reliability. This study also made an important contribution to research on GoM application in non-independent samples.

Background: Public health emergencies have a significant impact on the health of citizens, the local economy, and society as a whole. Currently, in many parts of China, there is a widespread lack of the knowledge and skills required for emergency preparedness and self-rescue. By carrying out targeted health education and intervention activities, and by popularizing the knowledge and skills in health emergencies, the abilities of citizens to respond to public health emergencies and protect themselves, reduce property damage, and eliminate unnecessary panic may be greatly improved. Objectives: The knowledge and skills of the public to respond to public health emergencies after an intervention in Sichuan province were surveyed. The conditions before and after the intervention were compared, and the effect of the intervention was evaluated. Methods: Four counties in Sichuan province were selected for baseline survey by means of a multistage random sampling method. Among the districts and counties, one of each was selected for baseline survey as an intervention group and another of each were selected as controls. After 1 year of intervention, respondents were selected from the intervention group by means of the method used for the baseline survey for effect evaluation. Results: After statistical analysis, it was shown that, after the intervention, the total awareness rate of knowledge to respond to public health emergencies increased from 42.6% to 58.4% among men and from 42.9% to 55.8% among women, both significant differences ( p < .001). It was also shown that the total awareness rates of the 18–35, 36–45, 46–60, and 60+ age-groups, respectively, increased from 44.5%, 43.7%, 42.2%, and 37.8% to 62.1%, 56.0%, 56.8%, and 51.9%, which were also significant differences ( p < .001). Intervention, educational level, occupation, discussion with the families, and disaster experience were the main influential factors for the knowledge and skills of sudden public health events. Conclusions: The study results show that, after the intervention in Sichuan province, the knowledge and skills of the public to respond to public health emergencies were significantly improved. It is also shown that health education interventions must be developed in accordance with geographical features, the educational level of the population, age characteristics, and other factors.